Earth science

Introduction

Earth science, also known as geoscience, is a broad field of study that encompasses the physical aspects of the planet Earth. It involves the investigation of the Earth's geologic, hydrologic, and atmospheric systems, as well as the exploration of the ways these systems interact. Earth science is an interdisciplinary field that utilizes tools and principles from physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to build a comprehensive understanding of our planet and its processes.

A photograph of Earth taken from space, showcasing its blue oceans, green and brown landmasses, and white clouds.

Geology

Geology is a primary branch of Earth science that studies solid Earth and the processes by which it changes over time. This includes the study of the Earth's interior, the various layers of the Earth's crust, and the rock record present on the surface of the Earth. Geologists use tools such as seismic waves and geodetic GPS to study the Earth's interior and understand the processes that drive plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.

A close-up photograph of sedimentary rock layers, showcasing different colors and textures.

Hydrology

Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth, which includes the water cycle, water resources, and environmental watershed sustainability. Hydrologists use a variety of techniques to study water such as remote sensing, computer modeling, and in-situ measurements. They study the impact of rainfall on the overall water cycle, the availability of potable water, and the effects of climate change on water resources.

A photograph of a large waterfall cascading down a rocky cliff, surrounded by lush green vegetation.

Atmospheric Science

Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems. It includes meteorology, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric physics. Atmospheric scientists use satellite data, weather balloons, and ground-based sensors to study weather patterns, climate change, and the impact of human activities on the atmosphere.

A photograph of dark storm clouds gathering in the sky, with a bolt of lightning visible in the distance.

Environmental Science

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that integrates physical, biological, and information sciences to study the environment and solve environmental problems. It involves the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, and includes subjects like ecology, conservation, biodiversity, and pollution.

A photograph of a dense forest with sunlight filtering through the canopy.

Paleontology

Paleontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments.