Yashts
Introduction
The Yashts are a collection of hymns found within the Avesta, the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism. These hymns are dedicated to various deities and divine concepts within the Zoroastrian pantheon. The term "Yasht" itself is derived from the Avestan word "yasna," which means "worship" or "veneration." The Yashts are among the oldest parts of the Avesta and provide a wealth of information about the religious beliefs, rituals, and mythologies of ancient Persia.
Historical Context
The Yashts were composed over several centuries, with some parts dating back to the early Achaemenid period (550-330 BCE). They were orally transmitted before being written down in the Sassanian era (224-651 CE). The Yashts reflect a syncretic blend of pre-Zoroastrian Indo-Iranian religious traditions and the reforms introduced by the prophet Zoroaster (also known as Zarathustra).
Structure and Composition
The Yashts are divided into 21 hymns, each dedicated to a specific deity or divine concept. They vary in length and complexity, with some Yashts being relatively short and others extending to several hundred verses. The language of the Yashts is Old Avestan, which is closely related to Vedic Sanskrit, indicating a common Indo-Iranian heritage.
Major Yashts
Ahura Mazda Yasht
The Ahura Mazda Yasht is dedicated to Ahura Mazda, the supreme god in Zoroastrianism. This Yasht emphasizes the omnipotence and omniscience of Ahura Mazda, portraying him as the creator of the universe and the source of all good.
Mithra Yasht
The Mithra Yasht is one of the longest and most elaborate hymns, dedicated to Mithra, the god of covenants, light, and truth. Mithra is depicted as a powerful deity who oversees the maintenance of order and justice. This Yasht provides detailed descriptions of Mithra's attributes, his chariot, and his role in the cosmic order.
Anahita Yasht
The Anahita Yasht is dedicated to Anahita, the goddess of waters, fertility, and healing. Anahita is portrayed as a beautiful and powerful deity who bestows blessings on her worshippers. The hymn includes vivid descriptions of her appearance, her chariot, and her role in the natural and human worlds.
Verethragna Yasht
The Verethragna Yasht is dedicated to Verethragna, the god of victory and martial prowess. This hymn extols Verethragna's strength and valor, describing his various forms and his role in aiding warriors in battle.
Theological Significance
The Yashts are not merely hymns of praise; they also serve as theological texts that articulate key Zoroastrian doctrines. They emphasize the dualistic nature of the universe, the ongoing battle between Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu (the destructive spirit), and the importance of maintaining asha (truth and order) over druj (falsehood and chaos).
Ritual Use
The Yashts are recited during various Zoroastrian rituals and ceremonies. They are often used in conjunction with other Avestan texts, such as the Yasna and the Visperad. The recitation of Yashts is believed to invoke the presence and favor of the deities, ensuring the success of the ritual and the well-being of the community.
Literary and Cultural Impact
The Yashts have had a profound influence on Persian literature and culture. Their themes and motifs can be found in later Persian epic poetry, such as the Shahnameh by Ferdowsi. The Yashts also provide valuable insights into the social and political life of ancient Persia, reflecting the values and concerns of the time.
Preservation and Transmission
The Yashts, like other parts of the Avesta, were preserved through oral tradition before being committed to writing. The Sassanian kings played a crucial role in the compilation and preservation of the Avesta, including the Yashts. Manuscripts of the Yashts have been discovered in various parts of the Persian Empire, attesting to their widespread use and importance.
Modern Relevance
In contemporary Zoroastrianism, the Yashts continue to be recited and studied by priests and laypeople alike. They are considered essential for understanding Zoroastrian theology and practice. The Yashts also attract the interest of scholars of ancient religions, linguistics, and Persian history.