Tengrism
Origins and History
Tengrism, also known as Tengriism or Tengrianism, is a Central Asian religion characterized by shamanism, animism, totemism, polytheism, and ancestor worship. It was the prevailing religion of the Turks, Mongols, and Hungarians, as well as the Xiongnu and the Huns. It was the state religion of several medieval states: Göktürk Khaganate, Western Turkic Khaganate, Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Old Great Bulgaria, Danube Bulgaria, Volga Bulgaria, and Eastern Tourkia (Khazaria).
The earliest elements of Tengrism are traced to the Proto-Indo-European religion, and it has overlapped considerably with other ethno-religious concepts like Turco-Mongol shamanism, the Scythian and Zoroastrian cults. In the 6th century, Tengrism was partially supplanted by Buddhism as the dominant religion in Mongolia and Tibet, but it survived in isolated pockets until the 16th century. It was also marginalized by the rise of Islamic and Christian missionary activities.
Beliefs and Practices
Tengrism is a monotheistic system with polytheistic elements. The primary deity is Tengri, the sky god. Tengri is considered the highest god, who created the universe and the world. However, Tengri is not the only deity worshipped; there are numerous other gods and spirits, each associated with certain aspects of the natural world. These include Umay (goddess of fertility), Erlik (god of the underworld), and others.
The religion places a heavy emphasis on ancestral worship and shamanism. Shamans play a crucial role in Tengrism, acting as intermediaries between humans and the spirit world. They perform rituals to communicate with the spirits, heal the sick, and predict the future.
Tengrists believe in the concept of a soul that continues to exist after death. They also believe in reincarnation, with the soul being reborn in a new body after death.
Influence and Legacy
Tengrism has had a profound influence on several cultures and religions. It has shaped the spiritual beliefs of the Turks, Mongols, and Hungarians, and has left its mark on their folklore, literature, and art.
The influence of Tengrism can also be seen in other religions. For example, elements of Tengrism have been incorporated into Tibetan Buddhism, and some scholars argue that Tengrism has influenced the development of Shintoism in Japan.
Despite its decline, Tengrism has seen a resurgence in recent years, particularly in Central Asia, where it is being revived as a symbol of national identity and cultural heritage.