Systems Theory
Introduction
Systems theory is a transdisciplinary academic domain that focuses on the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science. More specifically, it studies the abstract organization of phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence. It investigates both the principles common to all complex entities and the (usually mathematical) models which can be used to describe them.
Historical Background
The origins of systems theory are found in the fields of thermodynamics, biology, and cybernetics. The term "system" comes from the Greek word "σύστημα", which means to "combine, to set up". The concept of a system has been central to the sciences from antiquity up to the present day.
Definition and Concepts
In the most general sense, system means a configuration of parts connected and joined together by a web of relationships. The term does encompass both the entities classified as physical, biological, and social, and their symbolic representations. The systems view was based on several fundamental ideas. First, all phenomena can be viewed as a web of relationships among elements, or a system. Second, all systems, whether electrical, biological, or social, have common patterns, behaviors, and properties that can be understood and used to develop greater insight into the behavior of complex phenomena.
Types of Systems
Systems theory recognizes several types of systems, including open systems, closed systems, and isolated systems. Open systems are those that allow interactions between their internal elements and the environment. Closed systems, on the other hand, have limited interactions with the environment and are not influenced by outside factors. Isolated systems are completely detached from their environment.
Applications
Systems theory has been applied in developing nursing theories and conducting nursing research. It has also been applied in the field of psychology, where systems theory is used to understand human behavior. In sociology, systems theory is used to understand the dynamics of complex social systems.
Criticisms
Despite its broad application and universal recognition, systems theory has been criticized for being overly abstract and not useful for practical applications. Critics argue that the theory lacks the specificity necessary for it to be used in a practical context.