Sanskrit
Introduction
Sanskrit (संस्कृतम्) is a classical language of India, and one of the 22 scheduled languages of the country. It is considered the liturgical language of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religious practices. It is also one of the 22 official languages of India.
History
Sanskrit's history is typically divided into three main periods: Vedic Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit, and Medieval Sanskrit.
Vedic Sanskrit
Vedic Sanskrit is the earliest form of the language, used in the religious hymns of the Rig Veda, one of the four sacred texts of Hinduism known as the Vedas. This period of Sanskrit's history dates back to approximately 1500-500 BCE.
Classical Sanskrit
Classical Sanskrit emerged from Vedic Sanskrit around 500 BCE. This period is marked by the grammar and linguistics rules set down by Panini, an ancient scholar and linguist, in his work Ashtadhyayi.
Medieval Sanskrit
Medieval Sanskrit, which emerged around 1000 CE, is characterized by the influence of other regional languages of India. This period also saw the composition of many Sanskrit dramas, scientific works, and poetry.
Grammar
Sanskrit grammar is highly systematic and technical compared to other languages. It is known for its complex verb system and free word order. The grammar of Sanskrit is rule-based, and the rules have been codified by ancient grammarians such as Panini, Katyayana, and Patanjali.
Literature
Sanskrit literature is vast and varied. It includes religious texts, philosophical treatises, epic poems, plays, and scientific works. Some of the most well-known works of Sanskrit literature include the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, and the works of poets and playwrights like Kalidasa.
Modern Usage
Despite its ancient origins, Sanskrit is still used today. It is used in religious ceremonies and scholarly discourse. There are also efforts to revive Sanskrit as a spoken language, and it is taught in schools and universities around the world.