Organizational Communication
Overview
Organizational communication is a subfield of the larger discipline of communication studies. It focuses on the flow of information within organizations and the impact of such communication on the organization's functioning and success. This field of study integrates elements from related fields such as management studies, psychology, and sociology.
History
The study of organizational communication began as a field of applied communication, focusing on improving organizational practices and reducing errors in communication. However, it has evolved over the years to incorporate theoretical and academic perspectives.
Theoretical Frameworks
There are several theoretical frameworks that guide the study of organizational communication. These include the classical approach, the human relations approach, and the systems approach.
Classical Approach
The classical approach to organizational communication, influenced by the principles of scientific management, views communication as a mechanical process. This approach emphasizes the importance of clear, direct communication and the role of the manager in controlling communication.
Human Relations Approach
The human relations approach to organizational communication emerged in response to the limitations of the classical approach. This approach views communication as a way to promote employee satisfaction and productivity. It emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationships and the role of communication in building these relationships.
Systems Approach
The systems approach to organizational communication views the organization as a complex system of interrelated parts. This approach emphasizes the interdependence of communication processes and the importance of feedback in communication.
Communication Channels
Organizational communication can occur through various channels, including verbal communication, written communication, and non-verbal communication.
Verbal Communication
Verbal communication in organizations can take place in a variety of settings, such as meetings, presentations, and informal conversations. This form of communication is essential for decision-making, problem-solving, and relationship-building within the organization.
Written Communication
Written communication in organizations includes emails, reports, memos, and other written documents. This form of communication is essential for documenting decisions, disseminating information, and maintaining a record of organizational activities.
Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication in organizations includes body language, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues. This form of communication can convey information about emotions, attitudes, and power dynamics within the organization.
Communication Networks
Communication networks refer to the patterns of communication that occur within an organization. These networks can be formal or informal.
Formal Communication Networks
Formal communication networks are established by the organization and are typically depicted in the organization's hierarchy. These networks include upward communication, downward communication, and horizontal communication.
Informal Communication Networks
Informal communication networks, often referred to as the "grapevine," are not officially sanctioned by the organization but play a crucial role in the organization's communication. These networks can facilitate the exchange of information, foster relationships, and influence the organization's culture.
Barriers to Effective Communication
Several barriers can hinder effective communication in organizations. These include physical barriers, psychological barriers, and semantic barriers.
Strategies for Effective Communication
Organizations can adopt several strategies to enhance communication effectiveness. These include fostering an open communication climate, promoting active listening, and providing communication training.
Impact of Technology on Organizational Communication
The advent of technology has significantly impacted organizational communication. Technologies such as email, video conferencing, and social media have transformed the way organizations communicate, facilitating instant communication, enabling remote work, and promoting collaboration.
Future Directions
The field of organizational communication continues to evolve, with emerging trends such as the increasing importance of intercultural communication, the impact of artificial intelligence on communication, and the role of communication in crisis management.