Interpersonal Communication

Overview

Interpersonal communication is a process of exchanging information between two or more people. It is a universal part of the human experience, and involves the use of verbal and non-verbal signals to express a message. Interpersonal communication can occur in various contexts, including social, professional, and familial settings.

Types of Interpersonal Communication

There are several types of interpersonal communication, each with its own unique characteristics and uses.

Verbal Communication

Two people engaged in a conversation, expressing thoughts and ideas through spoken words.

Verbal communication involves the use of spoken or written words to convey a message. This type of communication is essential in conveying precise information, and is often used in professional and educational settings.

Non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication involves the use of body language, facial expressions, and other physical cues to convey a message. This type of communication can provide context to verbal communication, or can stand alone as a form of communication in its own right.

Written Communication

Written communication involves the use of written words to convey a message. This form of communication is often used in professional and academic settings, and can include anything from emails and text messages to formal reports and letters.

Visual Communication

Visual communication involves the use of visual aids to convey a message. This can include anything from photographs and diagrams to gestures and body language.

Theories of Interpersonal Communication

There are several theories that seek to explain the processes and outcomes of interpersonal communication.

Social Penetration Theory

The Social Penetration Theory posits that as relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, non-personal layers to deeper, more personal ones.

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

The Uncertainty Reduction Theory suggests that individuals have a need to reduce uncertainty about others by gaining information about them. Communication is a primary means by which we gain that information.

Relational Dialectics Theory

The Relational Dialectics Theory explores the contradictions in personal relationships and how they relate to communication.

Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication

There are several barriers that can hinder effective interpersonal communication.

Physical Barriers

Physical barriers, such as distance and noise, can hinder effective communication by making it difficult for the message to reach the receiver.

Psychological Barriers

Psychological barriers, such as stress and emotional distress, can hinder effective communication by affecting a person's ability to send, receive, and interpret messages.

Cultural Barriers

Cultural barriers, such as language differences and cultural misunderstandings, can hinder effective communication by causing misunderstandings and misinterpretations of the message.

Improving Interpersonal Communication

There are several strategies that can be used to improve interpersonal communication.

Active Listening

Active Listening involves fully focusing on, understanding, and responding to a speaker, which can help to improve understanding and reduce misunderstandings.

Non-Verbal Communication Skills

Improving non-verbal communication skills, such as body language and facial expressions, can help to convey messages more effectively and accurately.

Feedback

Providing and receiving feedback can help to ensure that messages have been understood correctly, and can provide an opportunity for clarification if necessary.