Obstructive lung disease
Overview
Obstructive lung disease refers to a category of respiratory diseases characterized by airway obstruction. Many obstructive diseases of the lung result from narrowing (obstruction) of the smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles, often because of excessive contraction of the smooth muscle itself. It is generally characterized by inflamed and easily collapsible airways, obstruction to airflow, problems exhaling and frequent medical clinic visits and hospitalizations. Types of obstructive lung disease include; Asthma, Bronchiectasis, Bronchitis, and COPD. Although COPD shares similar characteristics with all other obstructive lung diseases, such as the signs of coughing and wheezing, they are distinct conditions in terms of disease onset, frequency of symptoms and reversibility of airway obstruction.
Causes
Obstructive lung disease is caused by a variety of factors. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD, while asthma is often caused by an allergic reaction. Bronchiectasis is often caused by recurrent inflammation or infection of the airways. It can be congenital or acquired. Bronchitis can be caused by exposure to tobacco smoke, dust, and other airborne pollutants.
Symptoms
The symptoms of obstructive lung disease include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and chronic cough. Patients may also experience frequent respiratory infections, fatigue, and unintended weight loss. In severe cases, patients may have blue lips or fingernails due to low levels of oxygen in their blood.
Diagnosis
Obstructive lung disease can be diagnosed using a variety of tests. These include pulmonary function tests such as spirometry, which measures how much air a person can inhale and exhale and how quickly they can empty the air out of their lungs. Chest X-rays and CT scans can also be used to identify abnormalities in the lungs.
Treatment
Treatment for obstructive lung disease typically includes medications to relax the muscles around the airways, inhaled steroids to reduce inflammation, and oxygen therapy for those with severe disease. In some cases, pulmonary rehabilitation or surgery may be recommended.
Prognosis
The prognosis for obstructive lung disease depends on the severity of the disease and the patient's overall health. Some people with mild disease may not experience any limitations in their activities, while those with severe disease may have significant limitations.
Epidemiology
Obstructive lung disease affects millions of people worldwide. It is estimated that COPD affects 329 million people or nearly 5% of the population. In 2011, it ranked as the fourth leading cause of death, killing over 3 million people. The number of people with asthma is even higher, estimated at 334 million.