Nihon Shoki
Introduction
The Nihon Shoki (日本書紀), also known as the "Chronicles of Japan," is one of the most significant historical texts in Japanese literature. Compiled in 720 CE under the supervision of Prince Toneri and with the assistance of Ō no Yasumaro, the Nihon Shoki is the second-oldest book of classical Japanese history. It follows the Kojiki ("Records of Ancient Matters") and is part of the Rikkokushi (Six National Histories). The text is written in classical Chinese and provides a comprehensive account of Japan's early history, from its mythical origins to the reign of Empress Jitō.
Compilation and Structure
The Nihon Shoki was commissioned by Emperor Tenmu and completed during the reign of Empress Genshō. It consists of 30 scrolls (巻, kan) and includes both mythological and historical narratives. The text is divided into several sections, each detailing different periods and events in Japanese history.
Mythological Accounts
The first part of the Nihon Shoki covers the creation myth and the divine origins of Japan. It describes the formation of the Japanese archipelago by the deities Izanagi and Izanami, and the birth of other gods, including Amaterasu, the sun goddess. These mythological accounts serve to legitimize the divine ancestry of the Japanese imperial family.
Historical Narratives
The historical sections of the Nihon Shoki begin with the reign of Emperor Jimmu, the legendary first emperor of Japan. The text chronicles the reigns of subsequent emperors, detailing their achievements, conflicts, and significant events. It also includes accounts of diplomatic missions, such as those to Tang China and Korea, and the introduction of Buddhism to Japan.
Literary and Historical Significance
The Nihon Shoki is invaluable for understanding early Japanese history, culture, and religion. It provides insights into the political and social structures of ancient Japan, as well as the influence of Chinese culture and Buddhism. The text is also a crucial source for the study of Shinto, Japan's indigenous religion.
Influence on Japanese Literature
The Nihon Shoki has had a profound impact on Japanese literature and historiography. It served as a model for later historical works, such as the Shoku Nihongi and the Nihon Kōki. Its mythological and historical narratives have inspired numerous literary and artistic works throughout Japanese history.
Historical Accuracy
While the Nihon Shoki is an essential historical source, its accuracy has been a subject of debate among scholars. The text was written with the intent to legitimize the imperial lineage, and as such, it includes both historical facts and mythological embellishments. Modern historians often cross-reference the Nihon Shoki with other historical texts and archaeological findings to verify its accounts.
Manuscripts and Editions
Several manuscripts and editions of the Nihon Shoki have survived to the present day. The oldest extant manuscript dates back to the Heian period (794-1185). Various annotated editions have been produced over the centuries, providing valuable commentary and analysis.
Annotated Editions
One of the most notable annotated editions is the Shintei Nihon Shoki, compiled by Miyake Yonekichi in the Edo period. This edition includes extensive annotations and interpretations, making it a valuable resource for scholars.