Managed Retreat
Introduction
Managed retreat, also known as managed realignment, is a strategic approach to climate change adaptation. It involves the intentional, planned, and coordinated movement of people, buildings, and infrastructure away from areas at risk due to sea level rise, coastal erosion, or other environmental hazards. This strategy is increasingly being used as a response to the impacts of climate change, particularly in coastal regions.
Concept and Principles
Managed retreat is based on the principle of allowing natural processes to occur unimpeded, rather than attempting to control or prevent them. This approach recognizes that some degree of change in the environment is inevitable due to climate change, and that it may be more effective and sustainable to adapt to these changes rather than trying to resist them.
The concept of managed retreat is grounded in the fields of environmental science, geography, urban planning, and disaster risk reduction. It involves a range of practices, including the relocation of buildings and infrastructure, the restoration of natural habitats, and the implementation of land use policies that discourage development in at-risk areas.
Implementation
The implementation of managed retreat can be complex and challenging, requiring careful planning and coordination. It involves not only the physical relocation of structures, but also the management of social, economic, and cultural impacts. This can include issues related to property rights, community cohesion, and the preservation of cultural heritage.
The process typically begins with a risk assessment to identify areas at high risk of environmental hazards. This is followed by the development of a strategic plan, which outlines the steps to be taken, the timeline for implementation, and the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders. The plan should also include measures to mitigate any negative impacts of the retreat, such as the provision of compensation or assistance for affected residents.
Case Studies
Several countries around the world have implemented managed retreat as a response to climate change. For example, in the United Kingdom, the Medmerry Managed Realignment Scheme involved the creation of a new sea defence inland and the restoration of a coastal habitat to provide a buffer against sea level rise. In the United States, the town of Newtok, Alaska is being relocated due to the threat of coastal erosion and permafrost thaw.
Criticisms and Challenges
While managed retreat is seen as a necessary response to climate change, it is not without its criticisms and challenges. One of the main criticisms is that it can lead to the displacement of communities and the loss of cultural heritage. There are also concerns about the cost of implementing managed retreat, and questions about who should bear these costs.
Furthermore, there are challenges related to governance and decision-making. Managed retreat requires the involvement of multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, and private property owners. Coordinating these different interests and navigating the legal and regulatory complexities can be difficult.
Future Directions
As the impacts of climate change continue to intensify, it is likely that the use of managed retreat will become more widespread. Research and policy development in this area are ongoing, with a focus on improving the effectiveness and equity of managed retreat strategies. This includes exploring ways to support communities in transition, and developing innovative financing mechanisms to fund managed retreat projects.