Jainism
Introduction
Jainism, an ancient Indian religion, emphasizes non-violence, truth, and asceticism. It is one of the oldest religions in the world, with roots tracing back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Jainism is characterized by its unique metaphysical, ethical, and epistemological doctrines, which have significantly influenced Indian culture and philosophy.
Historical Background
Origins and Development
Jainism's origins are traditionally traced to the teachings of the 24 Tirthankaras, spiritual teachers who have achieved liberation and guide others on the path. The first Tirthankara, Rishabhanatha, is believed to have lived millions of years ago, while the historical figure Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, lived in the 6th century BCE. Mahavira's teachings laid the foundation for the Jain community, emphasizing the principles of ahimsa (non-violence), aparigraha (non-possessiveness), and anekantavada (many-sidedness).
Schisms and Sects
Over time, Jainism split into two major sects: Digambara and Svetambara. The Digambara sect, meaning "sky-clad," practices nudity as a symbol of renunciation, while the Svetambara sect, meaning "white-clad," wears white robes. These sects differ in their interpretations of texts, rituals, and monastic practices but share core beliefs and values.
Core Beliefs and Practices
The Five Vows
Jain ethics are centered around the Five Vows, which are fundamental to both monastic and lay followers:
1. **Ahimsa**: Non-violence in thought, word, and deed. 2. **Satya**: Truthfulness, avoiding falsehood. 3. **Asteya**: Non-stealing, respecting others' property. 4. **Brahmacharya**: Chastity or celibacy. 5. **Aparigraha**: Non-attachment to material possessions.
Karma and Liberation
Jainism teaches that karma is a physical substance that binds to the soul, influencing its cycle of birth and rebirth. Liberation, or moksha, is achieved by purifying the soul from karmic particles through right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct, collectively known as the Three Jewels.
Cosmology
Jain cosmology describes a universe without beginning or end, consisting of several layers inhabited by various beings. The universe is divided into three realms: the upper world (heaven), the middle world (earth), and the lower world (hell). Jains believe in a cyclical nature of time, divided into two halves: Utsarpini (ascending) and Avasarpini (descending).
Scriptures and Literature
Jain literature is vast, with texts written in Prakrit, Sanskrit, and other languages. The Agamas are the canonical scriptures of the Svetambara sect, while the Digambara sect relies on texts like the Shatkhandagama and Kasayapahuda. Jain literature covers a wide range of topics, including philosophy, ethics, cosmology, and mythology.
Rituals and Worship
Jain rituals emphasize purity, meditation, and devotion. Daily rituals include Samayika, a practice of meditation and reflection, and Pratikramana, a ritual of repentance. Temples play a central role in Jain worship, serving as places for community gatherings and spiritual practices. Jains also observe various festivals, such as Paryushana and Mahavir Jayanti, which celebrate the teachings and life of Mahavira.
Influence and Legacy
Jainism has significantly influenced Indian culture, art, and architecture. Jain temples, known for their intricate carvings and architectural grandeur, are found throughout India. Jain philosophy has contributed to Indian thought, particularly in ethics and metaphysics. The principle of non-violence has inspired figures like Mahatma Gandhi, who incorporated it into his philosophy of nonviolent resistance.