Digambara
Introduction
Digambara is one of the two main sects of Jainism, the other being Svetambara. The term "Digambara" is derived from the Sanskrit words "dig" (direction) and "ambara" (clothing), which together mean "clothed in the directions" or "sky-clad." This name reflects the sect's practice of renunciation and asceticism, where monks traditionally do not wear any clothes, symbolizing their detachment from worldly possessions.
Historical Background
The origins of the Digambara sect can be traced back to the early schisms within Jainism, which occurred around the 3rd century BCE. The division between Digambara and Svetambara sects became more pronounced during the 1st century CE. The primary cause of this schism was the differing interpretations of Jain scriptures and practices, particularly concerning asceticism and monastic discipline.
Digambaras believe that their practices and doctrines are closer to the original teachings of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara. They assert that the true path to liberation (moksha) involves rigorous asceticism and complete renunciation of all material possessions, including clothing.
Doctrinal Beliefs
Ascetic Practices
Digambara monks adhere to a strict code of conduct, which includes the practice of nudity as a symbol of their renunciation. They believe that complete detachment from material possessions, including clothing, is essential for attaining spiritual purity and liberation. This practice is based on the belief that clothing is a form of attachment that hinders spiritual progress.
Concept of Kevala Jnana
Digambaras hold that only male monks can achieve Kevala Jnana (omniscience) and ultimately attain liberation. They believe that women must first be reborn as men before they can achieve this state. This belief is rooted in the idea that the physical body of a woman is inherently impure and cannot attain the highest state of spiritual purity.
Scriptures
The Digambara sect has its own set of canonical scriptures, known as the Siddhanta or Agamas. These texts are believed to have been transmitted orally by the early Jain monks and later written down. The most important texts in the Digambara canon include the Shatkhandagam and the Kasayapahuda. These scriptures provide detailed guidelines on monastic conduct, ethics, and the path to liberation.
Monastic Life
Initiation and Vows
The initiation ceremony for Digambara monks, known as Diksha, involves a series of rituals that symbolize the renunciation of worldly life. The initiate takes five major vows (Mahavratas): non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), celibacy (brahmacharya), and non-possession (aparigraha). These vows are considered essential for spiritual progress and are strictly observed throughout the monk's life.
Daily Practices
Digambara monks lead a highly disciplined and austere life. Their daily routine includes meditation, scriptural study, and alms-seeking (bhiksha). They practice non-attachment to food and other necessities, accepting only what is offered to them without any preference or desire. The monks also engage in regular fasting and other forms of self-mortification to purify their minds and bodies.
Lay Community
Role of Lay Followers
The lay followers (Shravakas and Shravikas) of the Digambara sect play a crucial role in supporting the monastic community. They provide food, shelter, and other necessities to the monks and nuns, enabling them to focus on their spiritual practices. Lay followers also observe certain vows and ethical principles, although their level of renunciation is less stringent compared to the monks.
Rituals and Festivals
Digambara lay followers participate in various rituals and festivals that are integral to their religious life. Some of the major festivals include Paryushana, Mahavir Jayanti, and Diwali. These festivals provide opportunities for lay followers to engage in acts of devotion, charity, and self-purification.
Iconography and Temples
Iconography
Digambara iconography is characterized by its distinctive representation of the Tirthankaras. The images of Tirthankaras are depicted in a meditative posture, either seated in the lotus position (Padmasana) or standing in the Kayotsarga posture. Unlike the Svetambara images, Digambara Tirthankaras are shown without any clothing, emphasizing their state of complete renunciation.
Temples
Digambara temples, known as Basadis or Derasars, are places of worship and meditation for the Jain community. These temples house the images of Tirthankaras and other revered figures. The architecture of Digambara temples varies, ranging from simple structures to elaborate complexes with intricate carvings and sculptures. Some of the most famous Digambara temples include the Shravanabelagola in Karnataka and the Sonagiri temples in Madhya Pradesh.
Philosophical Contributions
Syadvada and Anekantavada
Digambara philosophy is known for its contributions to the doctrines of Syadvada (the theory of conditioned predication) and Anekantavada (the theory of multiple viewpoints). These doctrines emphasize the complexity and multifaceted nature of reality, advocating for a tolerant and inclusive approach to understanding different perspectives.
Karma and Rebirth
The Digambara sect upholds the Jain doctrine of karma and rebirth, which posits that the soul undergoes a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth based on its accumulated karma. The ultimate goal is to attain liberation by purifying the soul through ethical conduct, ascetic practices, and spiritual knowledge.
Modern Developments
Contemporary Monastic Orders
In contemporary times, the Digambara sect continues to thrive with several monastic orders and prominent monks leading the community. These monks travel extensively, spreading the teachings of Jainism and guiding lay followers in their spiritual practices. Some of the well-known contemporary Digambara monks include Acharya Vidyasagar and Acharya Pushpadant Sagar.
Global Presence
The Digambara sect has a significant presence in India, particularly in the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. In recent years, the Jain diaspora has also established Digambara communities in various countries, including the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. These communities actively engage in promoting Jain values and practices through temples, cultural centers, and educational initiatives.