Composite Materials
Introduction
Composite materials, also known as composites, are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons: common examples include materials which are stronger, lighter, or less expensive when compared to traditional materials.
History
The history of composite materials dates back to ancient times for construction applications; however, the development of composites for use in the aerospace industry did not occur until the 20th century. The first widespread use of composites was in the 1960s, when fiberglass was used in the Boeing 707 passenger jet.
Types of Composite Materials
There are three main types of composite materials: polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Each type has different uses depending on the properties required.
Polymer Matrix Composites
Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are composites which have a polymer as a matrix material. PMCs are very versatile and flexible materials that can be molded into a variety of shapes and sizes. These composites are often used in the aerospace and automotive industries.
Metal Matrix Composites
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are composites with a metal matrix. MMCs are used in high temperature applications where high strength and stiffness are required. These composites are often used in the aerospace industry.
Ceramic Matrix Composites
Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are composites with a ceramic matrix. CMCs are used in high temperature applications where high strength and stiffness are required. These composites are often used in the aerospace industry.
Properties of Composite Materials
Composite materials have unique properties that outperform monolithic materials. The properties of composite materials depend on the properties of their individual constituents, their geometrical design and interaction. The most important properties of composite materials include high strength and stiffness, low weight, resistance to chemical attack, and durability.
Applications of Composite Materials
Composite materials have many applications in various industries. In the aerospace industry, composites are used in the manufacture of aircraft and spacecraft structures. In the automotive industry, composites are used in the manufacture of body panels and structures. In the construction industry, composites are used in the manufacture of building materials.
Future of Composite Materials
The future of composite materials is bright, with many potential applications in various industries. The development of new composite materials with improved properties and lower costs is expected to drive the growth of the composite materials market.