Cognitive Styles
Overview
A cognitive style is a psychological term that refers to the way individuals think, perceive and remember information. Cognitive styles are not abilities, but rather preferred ways of using such abilities. They are part of one's personality, and they shape how individuals construct and perceive their experiences. Cognitive styles are often described as a cognitive "personality dimension" which influences attitudes, values, and social interaction.
Classification
Cognitive styles can be classified along several dimensions. One of the most common classifications is based on the work of Bruner and Sperry, who proposed two major types of cognitive styles: "convergent" and "divergent".
Convergent thinkers are characterized by a desire for a single, correct answer to a problem. They are more likely to use logic and deduction, and they tend to focus on the practical applications of their knowledge. Divergent thinkers, on the other hand, are characterized by a desire to generate many different ideas about a topic. They are more likely to use intuition and induction, and they tend to focus on the theoretical aspects of their knowledge.
Another common classification of cognitive styles is based on the work of Witkin, who proposed a dimension of "field dependence" versus "field independence". Field-dependent individuals are more likely to rely on external cues in making judgments and solving problems, while field-independent individuals are more likely to rely on internal cues.
Measurement
There are several methods for measuring cognitive styles. One of the most common methods is the use of self-report questionnaires, such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) or the Cognitive Styles Analysis. These questionnaires typically ask individuals to respond to a series of statements or questions about their preferences and habits.
Another method for measuring cognitive styles is the use of performance-based tasks. For example, the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) is a common task used to measure field dependence versus field independence. In this task, individuals are asked to identify a simple figure that is embedded within a more complex figure.
Implications
Understanding an individual's cognitive style can have important implications in a variety of contexts. In education, for example, knowledge of a student's cognitive style can help teachers design instruction that is more effective for that student. In the workplace, knowledge of an employee's cognitive style can help managers assign tasks that are more suited to that employee's strengths.
Cognitive styles can also have important implications for mental health. For example, research has shown that individuals with certain cognitive styles may be more prone to depression or anxiety. Understanding these relationships can help psychologists develop more effective treatment strategies.
Criticisms and Controversies
Despite the popularity of the concept of cognitive styles, it has been subject to several criticisms. One criticism is that the concept is too vague and lacks a clear definition. Another criticism is that the measures used to assess cognitive styles are unreliable and lack validity.
There is also controversy over the implications of cognitive styles. Some researchers argue that cognitive styles are fixed and unchangeable, while others argue that they can be modified through training and experience.