ADDIE Model

Overview

The ADDIE model is a systematic instructional design model consisting of five phases: (1) Analysis, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4) Implementation, and (5) Evaluation. The model is a dynamic, flexible guideline for building effective training and performance support tools. It is an iterative process where each step has an outcome that feeds into the next step.

History

The ADDIE model was first designed in the 1970s by the U.S. Army as a new method for training materials development. The model was later adopted by all branches of the U.S. military and by many other institutions, including businesses and higher education establishments. The model's name is an acronym for the five phases it comprises: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.

Phases of the ADDIE Model

Analysis

The Analysis phase is the foundation for all other phases of instructional design. During this phase, the instructional designer identifies the learning needs of the target population and defines clear, measurable learning objectives. The designer also considers the learning environment, any constraints, the delivery options, and the timeline for the project.

A group of people sitting around a table, discussing and analyzing data.

Design

The Design phase is where the instructional designer describes the learning environment and creates an instructional strategy. The designer uses the information from the Analysis phase to develop the instructional strategy, the course format, and the instructional materials. The designer also creates storyboards, graphics, audio scripts, and any other necessary materials.

Development

The Development phase involves the creation and assembly of the content assets that were blueprinted in the design phase. It is in this phase that the developers create and assemble the content assets that were blueprinted in the design phase. Programmers work to develop and/or integrate technologies. Testers perform debugging procedures. The project is reviewed and revised according to any feedback given.

Implementation

During the Implementation phase, the plan is put into action and a procedure for training the learner and teacher is developed. Materials are delivered or distributed to the student group. After delivery, the effectiveness of the training materials is evaluated.

Evaluation

The Evaluation phase consists of two parts: formative and summative. Formative evaluation is present in each stage of the ADDIE process. Summative evaluation consists of tests designed for criterion-related referenced items and providing opportunities for feedback from the users. Revisions are made as necessary.

Application of the ADDIE Model

The ADDIE model is used by instructional designers in many fields, including corporate training, government training, and higher education. The model provides a structured approach to ensuring that the training materials meet the learning needs of the target population. It is also flexible enough to be adapted to different teaching and learning contexts.

Criticisms of the ADDIE Model

While the ADDIE model is widely used, it has also been criticized for being too linear and inflexible. Some critics argue that the model does not adequately address the ongoing and iterative nature of instructional design. Others argue that the model does not place enough emphasis on the importance of context in the design process.