William Faulkner
Early Life and Education
William Cuthbert Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi. He was the first of four sons born to Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler. The Faulkner family moved to Oxford, Mississippi, when William was a young boy, and it was in this small Southern town that he would spend the majority of his life and set many of his novels.
Faulkner's early education was sporadic. He attended the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) for three semesters before dropping out in November 1920. During his time at Ole Miss, he was known more for his artistic talents and literary interests than for his academic achievements. His early exposure to literature came from his mother and grandmother, both of whom were avid readers and encouraged his interest in storytelling.
Literary Career
Early Works
Faulkner's first published work was a poem in The New Republic in 1919. His first novel, "Soldiers' Pay," was published in 1926. This early work, while not commercially successful, showcased his burgeoning talent and unique voice. Faulkner's early novels, including "Mosquitoes" (1927) and "Sartoris" (1929), began to establish his reputation as a serious writer.
Yoknapatawpha County
One of Faulkner's most significant contributions to American literature is his creation of Yoknapatawpha County, a fictional setting based on Lafayette County, Mississippi. This imaginary county serves as the backdrop for many of his novels and short stories, including "The Sound and the Fury" (1929), "As I Lay Dying" (1930), and "Light in August" (1932). Yoknapatawpha County is populated with a rich tapestry of characters, each contributing to the intricate social and cultural fabric of the South.
Major Novels
Faulkner's major novels are known for their complex narrative structures, innovative use of stream-of-consciousness, and deep psychological insight. "The Sound and the Fury" is perhaps his most famous work, notable for its fragmented narrative and multiple perspectives. "As I Lay Dying" employs a similar technique, with 15 different narrators contributing to the story.
"Absalom, Absalom!" (1936) is another key work, exploring themes of history, memory, and the Southern Gothic tradition. This novel delves into the rise and fall of the Sutpen family, offering a profound commentary on the South's troubled past.
Short Stories
In addition to his novels, Faulkner was a prolific writer of short stories. His collections, such as "These 13" (1931) and "Go Down, Moses" (1942), include some of his most acclaimed works. Stories like "A Rose for Emily" and "Barn Burning" are frequently anthologized and studied for their intricate plots and deep psychological insights.
Themes and Style
Faulkner's work is characterized by its exploration of themes such as the human condition, the passage of time, and the complexities of Southern society. His writing often delves into the psychological depths of his characters, revealing their inner struggles and moral dilemmas.
His style is marked by a dense, intricate prose that often employs stream of consciousness and multiple perspectives. This narrative complexity allows Faulkner to explore the subjective nature of reality and the fragmented nature of human experience.
Influence and Legacy
Faulkner's influence on American literature is profound. His innovative narrative techniques and deep psychological insights have inspired countless writers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949, cementing his place as one of the most important literary figures of the 20th century.
His work continues to be studied and celebrated for its rich portrayal of the American South and its exploration of universal human themes. Faulkner's legacy is evident in the continued popularity of his novels and the ongoing scholarly interest in his work.
Personal Life
Faulkner married Estelle Oldham in 1929, and the couple had two daughters, Alabama and Jill. Despite his literary success, Faulkner's personal life was marked by struggles with alcoholism and financial difficulties. He worked various jobs throughout his life, including a stint as a screenwriter in Hollywood, to support his family and fund his writing.
Later Years and Death
In his later years, Faulkner continued to write and publish, producing works such as "The Reivers" (1962), which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. He also served as a writer-in-residence at the University of Virginia, where he mentored young writers and gave lectures on literature.
William Faulkner died of a heart attack on July 6, 1962, in Byhalia, Mississippi. He is buried in St. Peter's Cemetery in Oxford, Mississippi, leaving behind a legacy of literary innovation and profound insight into the human condition.