Volatile organic compound

Introduction

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of carbon-based chemicals that have high vapor pressure and low water solubility. Many VOCs are human-made chemicals that are used and produced in the process of manufacturing paints, pharmaceuticals, and refrigerants. VOCs are common ground-water contaminants.

Characteristics

VOCs are characterized by their tendency to evaporate easily at room temperature. The term "volatile" refers to the chemical's ability to function under normal atmospheric conditions where the chemical can evaporate and contaminate the surrounding air. The "organic" part of VOC refers to the fact that these compounds contain carbon.

A close-up view of a laboratory setting with various chemicals in glass containers.

Sources of VOCs

VOCs are emitted from a variety of both anthropogenic (man-made) and natural sources. The main anthropogenic sources of VOCs are petrochemical industries, chemical manufacturing, fuel combustion in stationary and mobile sources, and solvent use. Natural sources of VOCs include vegetation, forest fires, and volcanic emissions.

Health Effects

Exposure to VOCs can lead to a variety of health effects depending on the specific compound and concentration. Short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, nausea, and can also damage the liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Long-term exposure can also lead to chronic health conditions such as asthma and cancer.

Environmental Impact

VOCs play a significant role in the formation of tropospheric ozone and photochemical smog. They react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form these secondary pollutants. VOCs also contribute to the formation of fine particulate matter, which can have adverse effects on health and the environment.

Regulation and Control

Various regulatory bodies around the world have established guidelines and standards for the emission of VOCs from industrial sources. These regulations often involve the use of best available control technologies (BACT) to limit the emission of VOCs. In addition, many countries have established air quality standards for VOCs to protect public health and the environment.