Underwater archaeology
Introduction
Underwater archaeology is the discipline of archaeology that involves the study of human interaction with the sea, lakes, and rivers through the study of associated physical remains found in, around and under water. It is a branch of archaeology that often employs specialized techniques for excavation and recovery, due to the unique challenges posed by the aquatic environment.
History
The field of underwater archaeology emerged in the 20th century, although humans have been exploring underwater environments and making use of their resources for millennia. The first underwater archaeologists were often treasure hunters seeking valuable artifacts from shipwrecks, but the discipline has since evolved into a scientific field with rigorous methodologies and ethical standards.
Methodology
Underwater archaeology employs a range of techniques and equipment, from traditional archaeological methods adapted for underwater use, to advanced technology specifically designed for underwater exploration. These include scuba diving, remote sensing equipment such as sonar, and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).
Types of Sites
Underwater archaeological sites can be broadly categorized into three types: submerged, inundated, and subaqueous. Submerged sites are those that were originally on dry land but have been covered by water due to rising sea levels or other geological processes. Inundated sites are those that were intentionally flooded, often as a result of human activity such as dam construction. Subaqueous sites are those that have always been underwater, such as shipwrecks or structures built in water.
Challenges and Conservation
Underwater archaeology poses unique challenges not encountered in terrestrial archaeology. These include the physical challenges of working underwater, the difficulty of excavating submerged sites without disturbing their context, and the need for specialized conservation methods for artifacts recovered from underwater environments.
Notable Discoveries
There have been many significant discoveries in the field of underwater archaeology, including the Antikythera Mechanism, the Mary Rose, and the Titanic.
Future of Underwater Archaeology
The future of underwater archaeology is likely to be shaped by advances in technology, such as the development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and improved methods for documenting and visualizing underwater sites. There is also a growing recognition of the need for greater public engagement in the field, and for the development of strategies for the sustainable management of underwater cultural heritage.