Tritium
Introduction
Tritium, also known as hydrogen-3, is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. It contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus, unlike the common isotope of hydrogen, which only contains one proton. Tritium is a beta emitter, decaying into helium-3 with a half-life of approximately 12.32 years.
Production
Tritium is produced naturally in the atmosphere when cosmic rays collide with nitrogen molecules. However, the amount produced in this way is very small. The majority of tritium in the environment is produced by human activities, primarily in nuclear reactors. In a nuclear reactor, tritium can be produced in several ways, but the most common method is by neutron activation of lithium-6.
Properties
Tritium is a colorless, odorless gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. It is approximately 14.5 times heavier than ordinary hydrogen gas. Tritium can bond with other atoms to form tritiated compounds, most commonly tritiated water (HTO). Tritium's radioactivity makes it useful in various applications, but also poses potential health risks if ingested or inhaled.
Applications
Tritium is used in a variety of applications due to its radioactivity. It is used in self-powered lighting devices, such as exit signs in buildings, aircraft dials, gauges, and wristwatches. Tritium is also used in nuclear weapons for boosting the yield of the weapon. In addition, tritium is used in controlled nuclear fusion experiments, as a tracer in environmental studies, and in biological research.
Health Effects
Exposure to tritium can pose health risks, particularly if the tritium is ingested or inhaled. Once in the body, tritium can distribute throughout the body and irradiate tissues. The primary health risk from tritium is the potential for it to cause cancer, although the risk is considered to be low.
Regulation and Disposal
The production, use, and disposal of tritium are regulated by various international and national agencies. In the United States, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates the production and use of tritium. Disposal of tritium must be done in a way that minimizes the risk to human health and the environment.