Tracheal Collapse

Overview

Tracheal collapse is a chronic and progressive disease that primarily affects the trachea of small breed dogs. The condition is characterized by a weakening and subsequent collapse of the tracheal walls, leading to a narrowing of the airway and difficulty in breathing. The disease is often associated with a honking cough, exercise intolerance, and in severe cases, cyanosis and syncope.

A small dog with its mouth open, as if panting or having difficulty breathing.

Etiology

The exact cause of tracheal collapse is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a result of a congenital abnormality in the composition of the tracheal rings. These rings, which are normally made of sturdy cartilage, are weakened and more flexible in dogs with tracheal collapse, causing the trachea to flatten when the dog inhales. Over time, this repeated flattening can lead to a permanent collapse of the trachea.

Pathophysiology

The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube composed of C-shaped rings of cartilage. These rings provide structure and prevent the trachea from collapsing during respiration. In dogs with tracheal collapse, the cartilage rings are weakened and the trachea can collapse, obstructing the airway. This can lead to a range of respiratory symptoms, from a mild cough to severe respiratory distress.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

The most common symptom of tracheal collapse is a dry, honking cough that is often described as sounding like a "goose honk". This cough is often exacerbated by excitement, exercise, eating, drinking, or exposure to heat and humidity. Other symptoms can include difficulty breathing, exercise intolerance, and in severe cases, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to lack of oxygen) and syncope (fainting).

A small dog in the midst of a coughing fit.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of tracheal collapse is typically made based on the dog's clinical signs and symptoms, breed, and age, as well as the results of diagnostic tests. These tests can include radiographs (X-rays), fluoroscopy (a type of real-time X-ray), and endoscopy (visualization of the trachea using a flexible camera).

Treatment

Treatment for tracheal collapse can be medical or surgical, depending on the severity of the disease. Medical management typically involves the use of cough suppressants, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and improve airflow. In severe cases, or when medical management is not effective, surgery may be recommended. There are several surgical options available, including placement of a tracheal stent or prosthetic rings to support the trachea and prevent collapse.

Prognosis

The prognosis for dogs with tracheal collapse depends on the severity of the disease and the dog's response to treatment. With appropriate management, many dogs with tracheal collapse can live a relatively normal life. However, it is a progressive disease and symptoms can worsen over time.