Tap Dance
History of Tap Dance
Tap dance, a form of dance characterized by using the sounds of tap shoes striking the floor as a form of percussion, has a rich and complex history. Its origins can be traced back to the early 19th century in the United States, where it evolved from a fusion of several ethnic percussive dances, including African tribal dances, English clog dancing, and Irish jigs. These influences merged in the melting pot of American culture, particularly in urban areas where different ethnic groups lived in close proximity.
The early forms of tap dance were often performed in minstrel shows, which were popular in the 1800s. These shows, although controversial and rooted in racial stereotypes, played a significant role in the development of tap dance. African American performers, despite facing significant racial discrimination, were instrumental in shaping the art form. Notable early tap dancers include William Henry Lane, who is often credited with being one of the first to bring tap dance to a wider audience.
Techniques and Styles
Tap dance is distinguished by its unique use of rhythm, timing, and sound. The primary techniques involve the use of the ball, heel, and toe of the shoe to create a variety of sounds. These techniques are often combined in complex patterns to produce intricate rhythms.
There are several styles of tap dance, each with its own distinct characteristics:
Rhythm Tap
Rhythm tap focuses on the acoustic rather than the aesthetic qualities of tap. It emphasizes intricate footwork and complex rhythms. This style is closely associated with jazz music and is often performed to live music.
Broadway Tap
Broadway tap, also known as show tap, is more focused on the visual aspects of the dance. It is often performed in musical theater and incorporates more arm movements and choreography designed to entertain an audience.
Classical Tap
Classical tap combines elements of tap dance with classical music and ballet. This style is less common but showcases the versatility of tap dance as an art form.
Funk Tap
Funk tap incorporates elements of hip-hop and funk music. It is a more modern style that often includes improvisation and is popular in contemporary dance circles.
Notable Figures in Tap Dance
Throughout its history, tap dance has been shaped by numerous influential dancers and choreographers. Some of the most notable figures include:
Bill "Bojangles" Robinson
Bill Robinson was one of the most famous African American tap dancers of the early 20th century. He is best known for his work in vaudeville and Broadway, as well as his film performances alongside Shirley Temple.
Fred Astaire
Fred Astaire is widely regarded as one of the greatest dancers in film history. His innovative choreography and smooth style helped to popularize tap dance in Hollywood musicals.
Gregory Hines
Gregory Hines was a prominent figure in the revival of tap dance in the late 20th century. He was known for his improvisational skills and his work in both film and theater.
Savion Glover
Savion Glover is a contemporary tap dancer who has been credited with bringing tap dance into the modern era. His unique style, which he calls "hitting," emphasizes rhythm and percussion.
Tap Dance in Popular Culture
Tap dance has had a significant impact on popular culture, particularly in the United States. It has been featured in numerous films, television shows, and stage productions. Some of the most iconic representations of tap dance in popular culture include:
Film
Tap dance has been a staple of Hollywood musicals since the 1930s. Films such as "Top Hat" (1935) and "Singin' in the Rain" (1952) feature some of the most famous tap dance sequences in cinema history.
Television
Tap dance has also been featured in various television shows, often as a showcase for talented performers. Shows like "The Ed Sullivan Show" and "So You Think You Can Dance" have brought tap dance to a wider audience.
Stage
Broadway musicals have long been a platform for tap dance. Shows like "42nd Street" and "The Tap Dance Kid" have highlighted the art form and introduced it to new generations of theatergoers.
Tap Dance Competitions and Festivals
Tap dance competitions and festivals play a crucial role in the preservation and promotion of the art form. These events provide a platform for dancers to showcase their skills, learn from each other, and celebrate the rich history of tap dance.
Competitions
Tap dance competitions are held worldwide and range from local events to international championships. Competitions such as the World Tap Dance Championships and the American Tap Dance Foundation's Tap City are highly regarded in the tap dance community.
Festivals
Tap dance festivals offer workshops, performances, and networking opportunities for dancers of all levels. Notable festivals include the Chicago Human Rhythm Project and the Los Angeles Tap Festival.
Tap Dance Education
Education is essential for the continued growth and development of tap dance. Tap dance is taught in dance schools, studios, and universities around the world. Many institutions offer specialized programs and workshops to train the next generation of tap dancers.
Dance Schools and Studios
Dance schools and studios provide foundational training in tap dance. These institutions often offer classes for all ages and skill levels, from beginners to advanced dancers.
University Programs
Several universities offer degree programs in dance that include tap dance as part of the curriculum. These programs provide a comprehensive education in dance, including technique, history, and choreography.
Workshops and Masterclasses
Workshops and masterclasses are an important aspect of tap dance education. These intensive sessions are often led by renowned dancers and choreographers and provide an opportunity for dancers to refine their skills and learn new techniques.
The Future of Tap Dance
The future of tap dance looks promising, with continued interest and innovation in the art form. Advances in technology, such as digital tap shoes and online dance classes, are expanding the reach of tap dance and making it more accessible to a global audience.
Technological Innovations
Technological innovations are transforming the way tap dance is taught and performed. Digital tap shoes, which are equipped with sensors to capture the sounds and movements of the dancer, are being used in both education and performance settings.
Online Platforms
Online platforms are providing new opportunities for tap dancers to connect and learn from each other. Virtual classes, tutorials, and performances are making tap dance more accessible to people around the world.
Preservation and Archiving
Efforts to preserve and archive the history of tap dance are also crucial for its future. Organizations such as the Tap Legacy Foundation are working to document and celebrate the contributions of tap dancers throughout history.