Symbolism in literature
Introduction
Symbolism in literature is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. Symbolism can take different forms. Generally, it is an object representing another, to give an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. The action, character, or event that is symbolic is used to communicate a deeper meaning.
Origins and Development
Symbolism as a literary movement originated during the 19th century in France and Belgium, and it was part of the broader Romantic Movement. The Symbolists, influenced by the works of Poe and Baudelaire, sought to express the ineffable—the deep emotional and spiritual truths that could not be directly apprehended by the senses. They believed that the symbol was the best tool for expressing the inexpressible.
Types of Symbolism in Literature
There are several types of symbolism in literature. These include:
Motif
A motif is a recurring symbol in a work of literature. Motifs are used to establish a theme or a certain mood; they have a symbolic meaning.
Metaphor
A metaphor is a rhetorical figure of speech that compares two subjects without the use of "like" or "as". Metaphor is a form of symbolism as it creates an implicit comparison between two different things.
Allegory
An allegory is a narrative in which characters and actions have symbolic meanings. Allegories are used to teach moral, ethical, or religious lessons.
Archetype
An archetype is a universal symbol that evokes deep and sometimes unconscious responses in a reader. In literature, characters, images, and themes that symbolically embody universal meanings and basic human experiences are considered archetypes.
Symbolism in Different Literary Movements
Symbolism plays a significant role in various literary movements.
Romanticism
In the Romantic Movement, symbolism served as a tool for expressing inner states of mind and exploring the unconscious. It was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the stultifying effects of the Industrial Revolution.
Modernism
In Modernist literature, symbolism was used to express the alienation, disillusionment, and fragmentation of contemporary life. Writers like Eliot and Joyce used complex symbols to represent the fractured reality of the 20th century.
Postmodernism
In Postmodern literature, symbols are often used in a playful and ironic manner. Postmodern writers frequently question the very process of making meaning, and their use of symbolism reflects this.
Symbolism in Various Genres
Symbolism is used across various genres of literature to convey deeper meanings, create interest, and evoke emotions.
Poetry
Symbolism is a key element of poetry. Poets use symbolism to enhance their poetry and give it a deeper significance. For example, a river might symbolize life's journey or a season might symbolize a phase of life.
Prose
In prose, symbolism can be used to hint at a mood, foreshadow events, or create thematic significance. For example, a storm might symbolize conflict.
Drama
In drama, symbolism can be used to enhance the plot and reveal character. For example, a mask might symbolize a character's hidden emotions or secrets.
Conclusion
Symbolism in literature is a complex and multifaceted aspect of literary analysis. It offers a way to enrich the reading experience by adding layers of meaning to a work. Understanding symbolism in literature can lead to a deeper appreciation of the author's intentions and the themes they are trying to convey.