Surabaya

History

Surabaya, the capital city of East Java, Indonesia, has a rich and complex history that dates back to the 13th century. It is believed to have been founded in 1293, following a significant battle between the forces of the Majapahit Empire and the Mongol Empire. The city's name is derived from the words "sura" (shark) and "baya" (crocodile), symbolizing the local legend of a fight between these two creatures.

During the era of the Majapahit Empire, Surabaya was a major port and trading hub. It played a crucial role in the spread of Hindu-Buddhist culture throughout the Indonesian archipelago. The city's strategic location on the northern coast of Java made it an important center for commerce and maritime activities.

In the 16th century, Surabaya became part of the Sultanate of Demak and later the Sultanate of Mataram. The city's significance continued to grow, attracting traders from various parts of Asia, including China, India, and the Middle East. The arrival of European colonial powers in the 17th century marked a new chapter in Surabaya's history. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established a presence in the city, and it eventually became a key colonial outpost.

Geography

Surabaya is located on the northeastern coast of Java, at the mouth of the Brantas River. The city covers an area of approximately 350 square kilometers and is situated at an average elevation of 5 meters above sea level. The geographical coordinates of Surabaya are 7°14′S 112°44′E.

The city's topography is predominantly flat, with a few low hills in the southern part. Surabaya's climate is classified as a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification. The city experiences a distinct wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October. The average annual temperature ranges from 25°C to 30°C, with high humidity levels throughout the year.

Demographics

Surabaya is the second-largest city in Indonesia, with a population of approximately 3 million people as of the latest census. The city is a melting pot of various ethnic groups, including Javanese, Madurese, Chinese, and Arab communities. The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, followed by the Madurese.

The official language is Indonesian, but Javanese is widely spoken in daily interactions. The city is also home to a significant number of Chinese Indonesians, who have contributed to the cultural and economic landscape of Surabaya. The predominant religion is Islam, followed by Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism.

Economy

Surabaya is one of Indonesia's most important economic centers. The city's economy is diverse, with key sectors including manufacturing, trade, services, and transportation. Surabaya's port, Tanjung Perak, is one of the busiest in the country and plays a vital role in the import and export of goods.

The manufacturing sector in Surabaya is robust, with industries such as shipbuilding, automotive, electronics, and textiles. The city is also a major center for commerce and trade, with numerous shopping malls, markets, and business districts. The services sector, including finance, education, and healthcare, is well-developed and contributes significantly to the local economy.

Infrastructure

Surabaya boasts a well-developed infrastructure, with extensive transportation networks, modern healthcare facilities, and educational institutions. The city is served by Juanda International Airport, which connects Surabaya to various domestic and international destinations. The airport is one of the busiest in Indonesia, handling millions of passengers annually.

The city's public transportation system includes buses, minibusses (angkot), and a commuter rail network. Surabaya is also known for its extensive network of roads and highways, which facilitate the movement of goods and people. The Suramadu Bridge, connecting Surabaya to the island of Madura, is a notable infrastructure project that has improved connectivity and boosted economic activities in the region.

Education

Surabaya is a major educational hub in Indonesia, home to several prestigious universities and research institutions. The city is known for its high-quality educational facilities, ranging from primary schools to higher education institutions. Some of the prominent universities in Surabaya include:

Universitas Airlangga (UNAIR)
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS)
Universitas Kristen Petra (UK Petra)

These institutions offer a wide range of academic programs and have produced numerous graduates who have contributed to various fields, both nationally and internationally.

Culture

Surabaya has a rich cultural heritage, influenced by its diverse population and historical significance. The city is known for its traditional Javanese culture, which is evident in various aspects of daily life, including language, art, and cuisine. Surabaya is also a center for traditional Javanese performing arts, such as wayang kulit (shadow puppetry) and gamelan music.

The city hosts several cultural festivals and events throughout the year, celebrating its diverse heritage. One of the most notable events is the Surabaya Cross Culture Festival, which showcases traditional and contemporary performances from various cultural groups. The Cheng Hoo Mosque, a unique blend of Chinese and Islamic architecture, is a testament to the city's multicultural identity.

Landmarks

Surabaya is home to numerous historical and cultural landmarks, reflecting its rich history and cultural diversity. Some of the notable landmarks in the city include:

Tugu Pahlawan: A monument commemorating the Battle of Surabaya, a significant event in Indonesia's struggle for independence.
Museum House of Sampoerna: A museum dedicated to the history of the Sampoerna family and the Indonesian tobacco industry.
Kebun Binatang Surabaya: One of the oldest and largest zoos in Southeast Asia, home to a wide variety of animal species.
Monumen Kapal Selam: A decommissioned Soviet submarine turned museum, offering insights into Indonesia's naval history.

Transportation

Surabaya's transportation system is well-developed, with various modes of transport available for residents and visitors. The city is served by Juanda International Airport, which is located approximately 20 kilometers south of the city center. The airport offers both domestic and international flights, connecting Surabaya to major cities in Indonesia and abroad.

The city's public transportation system includes buses, minibusses (angkot), and a commuter rail network. The Surabaya Commuter Line, operated by PT Kereta Api Indonesia, connects the city to nearby regions, providing an efficient and affordable mode of transport. Additionally, the city has a network of taxis and ride-hailing services, offering convenient options for getting around.

Healthcare

Surabaya is known for its advanced healthcare facilities, with numerous hospitals and clinics providing high-quality medical services. The city is home to several prominent hospitals, including:

RSUD Dr. Soetomo: One of the largest and most comprehensive hospitals in Indonesia, offering a wide range of medical services and specialties.
National Hospital: A private hospital known for its state-of-the-art facilities and specialized medical care.
Siloam Hospitals: Part of the Siloam Hospitals Group, providing high-quality healthcare services with a focus on patient care and safety.