Super Tuscan
Introduction
The term "Super Tuscan" refers to a category of wines produced in the Tuscany region of Italy that do not adhere to the traditional Italian wine classification system. These wines emerged in the late 20th century as winemakers began experimenting with international grape varieties and innovative winemaking techniques, often resulting in high-quality wines that garnered international acclaim. The Super Tuscan movement challenged the established norms of Italian viticulture and played a significant role in reshaping the global perception of Italian wines.
Historical Background
Origins
The origins of Super Tuscan wines can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s when a group of innovative winemakers in Tuscany began to question the rigid DOC regulations. These regulations dictated which grape varieties could be used and the methods of production, often favoring traditional Sangiovese-based wines. Dissatisfied with these constraints, winemakers such as Marchese Piero Antinori and Mario Incisa della Rocchetta began experimenting with non-traditional grape varieties, particularly Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, which were not permitted under the DOC guidelines.
The Birth of Super Tuscans
The first notable Super Tuscan wine was Sassicaia, produced by Mario Incisa della Rocchetta at the Tenuta San Guido estate in Bolgheri. Initially made for personal consumption, Sassicaia was introduced to the market in the late 1960s and quickly gained recognition for its quality. Another pioneering Super Tuscan was Tignanello, created by Marchese Piero Antinori in 1971. Tignanello was revolutionary as it was the first Sangiovese-based wine to be blended with non-traditional varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon and aged in small oak barrels.
Characteristics of Super Tuscans
Grape Varieties
Super Tuscans are characterized by their use of both traditional and international grape varieties. While Sangiovese often serves as the base, winemakers frequently incorporate Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and occasionally Syrah or Cabernet Franc. This blending of varieties allows for greater flexibility and creativity in crafting wines with unique profiles that differ from traditional Tuscan wines.
Winemaking Techniques
Super Tuscan producers employ a range of innovative winemaking techniques, often inspired by Bordeaux practices. These include the use of small French oak barrels for aging, which imparts complex flavors and enhances the wine's structure. Additionally, winemakers may employ extended maceration periods to extract more color and tannins, resulting in wines with greater depth and aging potential.
Flavor Profile
The flavor profile of Super Tuscans varies widely due to the diversity of grape varieties and winemaking techniques employed. However, common characteristics include rich fruit flavors, such as black cherry and plum, complemented by notes of spice, tobacco, and leather. The wines typically exhibit a full-bodied structure with firm tannins and a balanced acidity, making them suitable for extended aging.
The Impact on Italian Wine Industry
Regulatory Changes
The success of Super Tuscans prompted significant changes in the Italian wine classification system. In 1992, the Italian government introduced the IGT designation, which provided greater flexibility for winemakers to experiment with non-traditional grape varieties and production methods. This new classification allowed Super Tuscans to gain official recognition while maintaining their innovative spirit.
Global Recognition
Super Tuscans have played a crucial role in elevating the reputation of Italian wines on the global stage. Their success demonstrated that Italian winemakers could produce wines of exceptional quality that rivaled those from other renowned wine regions. As a result, Super Tuscans have become highly sought after by collectors and connoisseurs worldwide, often commanding premium prices.
Notable Super Tuscan Wines
Sassicaia
Sassicaia, produced by Tenuta San Guido, is widely regarded as the first Super Tuscan. Made primarily from Cabernet Sauvignon with a small percentage of Cabernet Franc, Sassicaia is known for its elegance, complexity, and aging potential. The wine has received numerous accolades, including being awarded a perfect score by influential wine critics.
Tignanello
Tignanello, produced by Marchesi Antinori, is another iconic Super Tuscan. This wine is primarily composed of Sangiovese, with additions of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. Tignanello is celebrated for its rich fruit flavors, balanced acidity, and refined tannins, making it a benchmark for quality in the Super Tuscan category.
Ornellaia
Ornellaia, produced by Tenuta dell'Ornellaia, is a Bordeaux-style blend of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, and Petit Verdot. Known for its opulence and depth, Ornellaia has become one of the most prestigious and collectible Super Tuscans, consistently receiving high praise from critics and wine enthusiasts.
Conclusion
The emergence of Super Tuscans represents a pivotal moment in the history of Italian wine. By challenging traditional norms and embracing innovation, winemakers in Tuscany have created a category of wines that are celebrated for their quality and diversity. Super Tuscans continue to influence the global wine industry, inspiring winemakers around the world to explore new possibilities in viticulture and enology.