Sunni Islam
Origins and Early History
Sunni Islam, a major branch of Islam, traces its origins back to the 7th century CE, following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The term "Sunni" comes from the phrase "Ahl al-Sunnah", which means "people of the tradition". The tradition in this case refers to the practices and beliefs that Muhammad and the early Muslim community followed. The Sunni branch developed and evolved over several centuries, shaped by various caliphates and empires.
Beliefs and Practices
Sunni Islam is characterized by a focus on the Sunnah, the teachings and practices of Muhammad, as a source of religious law and moral guidance. It is distinguished by its emphasis on the community in interpreting and applying these teachings. Sunnis believe in the Five Pillars of Islam, which include faith (shahada), prayer (salat), almsgiving (zakat), fasting (sawm), and pilgrimage (hajj). They also believe in the six articles of faith: belief in God (Allah), His angels, His books, His prophets, the Day of Judgment, and divine predestination (qadar).
Sects and Schools of Thought
There are several sects and schools of thought within Sunni Islam, each with its own interpretations of Islamic law (Sharia) and theology. The four major schools of Sunni jurisprudence are the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools. There are also various theological schools, such as the Ash'ari, Maturidi, and Athari schools. These schools differ in their methodologies and interpretations, but all are considered valid within Sunni Islam.
Sunni Islam in the Modern World
Today, Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, comprising about 85-90% of the global Muslim population. It is the dominant religious group in many countries in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Sunni Islam continues to influence world politics, culture, and society, and it is a rich field of study for scholars of religion, history, and sociology.