Structural Functionalism
Overview
Structural functionalism, also known as functionalism, is a framework used primarily in sociology and anthropology to interpret society as a structure with interrelated parts. This theory views society as a complex system whose components work together to promote stability and harmony. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of society by focusing on how each part influences and is influenced by other parts.
Historical Development
The concept of structural functionalism originated from the works of French sociologist Émile Durkheim, who was interested in how social order is achievable in complex societies. Durkheim's work was further developed by other sociologists and anthropologists such as Bronisław Malinowski, A. R. Radcliffe Brown, and Talcott Parsons, who are considered key figures in the development of this theory.
Key Concepts
Structural functionalism revolves around several key concepts, including structure, function, and social equilibrium.
Structure
In the context of structural functionalism, a 'structure' refers to any recurring pattern of social behavior. It can be an institution such as family, education, or religion, or a smaller unit such as a ritual or a custom.
Function
The 'function' of a social structure is the contribution it makes to the overall stability of a society. Each social structure has a specific function that meets the needs of the society.
Social Equilibrium
'Social equilibrium' is a state of balance and harmony in a society. Structural functionalism posits that a change in one structure will precipitate changes in other structures; this is analogous to an organism in which a change in one organ can affect other organs.
Criticisms
While structural functionalism has been influential in sociology and anthropology, it has also been subject to several criticisms. Critics argue that the theory is overly focused on social stability and cohesion, and tends to neglect social conflict and change. Additionally, it is often criticized for its deterministic view of society, where individuals are seen as passive entities molded by social structures and cultural norms.
Influence and Legacy
Despite its criticisms, structural functionalism has had a significant impact on the social sciences. It has provided a framework for analyzing social phenomena in terms of their functions in maintaining social order and stability. Its influence can be seen in various fields, including sociology, anthropology, psychology, and political science.