Species Survival Plan
Overview
The Species Survival Plan (SSP) is a cooperative population management and conservation program for selected species in zoos and aquariums in North America. It is one of the many conservation programs run by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). SSPs are designed to maintain healthy and genetically diverse animal populations within the AZA-accredited institutions.
History
The Species Survival Plan was initiated in 1981 by the AZA as a cooperative effort among zoos and aquariums to save threatened or endangered species from extinction. The program was a response to the growing concern about the state of wildlife populations worldwide and the role of zoos and aquariums in their conservation.
Purpose and Goals
The primary purpose of the SSP is to ensure the survival of species that are threatened or endangered in the wild by maintaining genetically diverse and demographically stable populations in human care. This is achieved through a variety of strategies including breeding programs, public education, research, and reintroduction.
Species Selection
Not all species are included in the SSP. The selection of species for SSPs is based on a variety of factors, including the conservation status of the species, the biological and logistical feasibility of a captive breeding program, and the availability of resources.
Breeding Programs
One of the key components of the SSP is the management of breeding programs for selected species. These programs are designed to maximize genetic diversity and minimize the risk of inbreeding. This is achieved through the use of a studbook, a detailed record of the pedigree and entire demographic history of each individual in the population.
Reintroduction Programs
In addition to captive breeding, some SSPs also include reintroduction programs. These programs involve releasing animals bred in zoos or aquariums back into their natural habitats. Reintroduction programs are complex and require careful planning and monitoring to ensure their success.
Education and Research
Public education and research are also important aspects of the SSP. Through education programs, zoos and aquariums aim to raise public awareness about the conservation status of SSP species and the threats they face in the wild. Research conducted as part of the SSP contributes to our understanding of the biology and needs of the species, which can inform conservation efforts both in human care and in the wild.
Challenges and Criticisms
Despite its successes, the SSP has faced several challenges and criticisms. These include the logistical and ethical issues associated with captive breeding and reintroduction, the limited resources available for conservation, and the need for greater focus on habitat preservation and other in situ conservation strategies.