Soldiers' National Cemetery
Overview
The Soldiers' National Cemetery, located in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, is a historic burial ground dedicated to the Union soldiers who perished during the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. Established in 1863, the cemetery is a significant site of national memory, commemorating the sacrifices made during one of the most pivotal battles in American history. It is also renowned as the location where President Abraham Lincoln delivered the iconic Gettysburg Address, a speech that has become emblematic of American ideals of liberty and equality.
Historical Context
The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, was a turning point in the Civil War. It was one of the bloodiest battles, with approximately 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, or missing. The Union victory at Gettysburg ended General Robert E. Lee's second invasion of the North and is often cited as the beginning of the end for the Confederate forces. The immense loss of life necessitated the establishment of a national cemetery to honor the fallen soldiers.
Establishment of the Cemetery
Following the battle, the need for a proper burial site for Union soldiers became apparent. Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin commissioned the creation of a national cemetery. The land was purchased from local residents, and renowned landscape architect William Saunders was tasked with designing the cemetery. The cemetery was officially dedicated on November 19, 1863, during a ceremony that featured Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
Design and Layout
The design of the Soldiers' National Cemetery reflects the solemnity and respect due to those who sacrificed their lives. Saunders' design incorporated a semicircular layout, with graves arranged in concentric arcs around a central monument. This arrangement was intended to symbolize unity and equality among the soldiers, regardless of rank or regiment.
The Soldiers' Monument
At the heart of the cemetery stands the Soldiers' National Monument, a 60-foot tall structure dedicated in 1869. The monument features a statue of Liberty holding a sword and a wreath, symbolizing both the defense of the nation and the honor due to the fallen. Surrounding the base are allegorical figures representing War, History, Peace, and Plenty.
Burial Sections
The cemetery is divided into sections based on the states from which the soldiers hailed. Each section is marked by a state monument or marker, and the graves are identified by simple headstones. The cemetery contains over 3,500 Union soldiers, including many unknowns, whose graves are marked with small, flat stones.
The Gettysburg Address
President Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, delivered at the cemetery's dedication, is one of the most famous speeches in American history. In just 272 words, Lincoln redefined the purpose of the war, emphasizing the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and the need for national unity. The address has been studied extensively for its rhetorical brilliance and profound impact on American identity.
Preservation and Legacy
The Soldiers' National Cemetery is part of the Gettysburg National Military Park, which is managed by the National Park Service. Efforts to preserve the cemetery and the surrounding battlefield have been ongoing since the late 19th century. The site remains a place of reflection and education, attracting millions of visitors each year who wish to pay their respects and learn more about this crucial chapter in American history.
Commemorative Events
The cemetery hosts numerous commemorative events, especially on Memorial Day and the anniversary of the Gettysburg Address. These events often include reenactments, speeches, and educational programs designed to honor the memory of those who fought and to educate the public about the Civil War's significance.