Septic Shock
Definition and Overview
Septic shock is a severe and potentially fatal condition that occurs when an infection leads to life-threatening low blood pressure. It is the most severe complication of sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response to infection. Septic shock is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
Pathophysiology
Septic shock is the result of a complex interaction between the infecting microorganism and the host's immune, inflammatory, and coagulation responses. The pathophysiology of septic shock involves three main stages: infection, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and shock.
Causes
The most common cause of septic shock is bacterial infection, but it can also be caused by fungal, viral, or parasitic infections. The most common sites of infection leading to septic shock are the lungs, abdomen, and urinary tract.
Symptoms and Signs
The symptoms of septic shock can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common signs and symptoms include fever or hypothermia, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, confusion, and low blood pressure.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of septic shock involves a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of sepsis, evidence of organ dysfunction, and persistent hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation.
Treatment
Treatment of septic shock involves a combination of antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and supportive care. The goal of treatment is to control the infection, support organ function, and prevent complications.
Prognosis
The prognosis of septic shock is variable and depends on a number of factors, including the patient's age, underlying health conditions, the severity of the infection, and the speed and effectiveness of treatment.
Prevention
Prevention of septic shock involves preventing and promptly treating infections, particularly in individuals who are at high risk.