Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Introduction
The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) is an interdisciplinary body of the International Science Council (ISC) that coordinates international scientific research in the Antarctic region. Established in 1958, SCAR plays a pivotal role in facilitating collaboration among scientists from different countries, promoting scientific excellence, and providing independent scientific advice to the Antarctic Treaty System and other international organizations. SCAR's work encompasses a wide range of scientific disciplines, including glaciology, oceanography, biology, and atmospheric sciences, reflecting the diverse and complex nature of the Antarctic environment.
History and Formation
SCAR was established in response to the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958, a period of scientific collaboration that highlighted the need for continued international cooperation in Antarctic research. The IGY was a landmark event that brought together scientists from 67 countries to conduct coordinated observations of geophysical phenomena. Recognizing the importance of maintaining this momentum, the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), now known as the ISC, founded SCAR to ensure the continuation of scientific collaboration in Antarctica.
The committee was tasked with coordinating scientific research in Antarctica, facilitating the exchange of scientific information, and providing scientific advice to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM). Over the years, SCAR has evolved to become a leading authority on Antarctic science, with a membership that includes national scientific organizations from over 40 countries.
Organizational Structure
SCAR operates through a hierarchical structure that includes the Delegates' Meeting, the Executive Committee, and various scientific groups and programs. The Delegates' Meeting, held biennially, is the highest decision-making body of SCAR, where representatives from member countries discuss and approve strategic plans, budgets, and new initiatives. The Executive Committee, elected by the Delegates' Meeting, oversees the implementation of SCAR's activities and ensures the organization's objectives are met.
SCAR's scientific work is organized into three main categories: Standing Scientific Groups (SSGs), Scientific Research Programs (SRPs), and Action Groups. The SSGs focus on specific scientific disciplines, such as Geosciences, Life Sciences, and Physical Sciences, and provide a platform for scientists to collaborate and share knowledge. The SRPs are large-scale, multidisciplinary research initiatives that address key scientific questions and challenges in the Antarctic region. Action Groups are temporary bodies established to address specific issues or tasks.
Scientific Research and Programs
SCAR's scientific research covers a broad spectrum of disciplines, reflecting the unique and diverse nature of the Antarctic environment. The committee's work is guided by its strategic plan, which outlines key research priorities and goals. Some of the major areas of research include:
Glaciology
Antarctica is home to the largest ice sheet on Earth, and understanding its dynamics is crucial for predicting future sea-level rise. SCAR's glaciology research focuses on ice sheet behavior, ice-ocean interactions, and the impact of climate change on the Antarctic ice sheet. This research is vital for improving our understanding of global climate systems and informing policy decisions related to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Oceanography
The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing heat and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. SCAR's oceanography research aims to understand the physical and biological processes that govern the Southern Ocean's behavior, including ocean circulation, sea ice dynamics, and marine ecosystems. This research is essential for predicting the impacts of climate change on the Southern Ocean and its role in the global climate system.
Biology
Antarctica's extreme environment presents unique challenges and opportunities for biological research. SCAR's biology research focuses on understanding the adaptations of Antarctic organisms to their environment, the structure and function of Antarctic ecosystems, and the impacts of environmental change on biodiversity. This research contributes to our understanding of life in extreme environments and informs conservation efforts in the region.
Atmospheric Sciences
The Antarctic atmosphere plays a significant role in the global climate system, influencing weather patterns and atmospheric circulation. SCAR's atmospheric sciences research investigates the processes that drive atmospheric dynamics in Antarctica, including the ozone hole, polar stratospheric clouds, and atmospheric teleconnections. This research is crucial for improving climate models and predicting future climate change impacts.
Policy and Advisory Role
SCAR provides independent scientific advice to the Antarctic Treaty System, which governs international cooperation in Antarctica. The committee's advisory role is critical for ensuring that policy decisions related to the Antarctic environment are informed by the best available scientific knowledge. SCAR's advice covers a wide range of issues, including environmental protection, sustainable resource management, and the impacts of climate change on the Antarctic region.
In addition to its advisory role, SCAR actively participates in international forums and collaborates with other organizations to promote the integration of Antarctic science into global policy discussions. This includes partnerships with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Education and Outreach
SCAR is committed to promoting education and outreach activities that raise awareness of Antarctic science and its global significance. The committee supports various initiatives aimed at engaging the public, educators, and policymakers in understanding the importance of Antarctic research. These initiatives include public lectures, educational resources, and outreach programs that highlight the contributions of Antarctic science to addressing global challenges.
SCAR also plays a key role in capacity building and supporting the next generation of Antarctic scientists. The committee provides funding and support for early-career researchers, facilitating their participation in international research projects and conferences. This support is essential for fostering a diverse and inclusive scientific community that can address the complex challenges facing the Antarctic region.
Challenges and Future Directions
Despite its successes, SCAR faces several challenges in coordinating Antarctic research. The remote and harsh environment of Antarctica presents logistical and operational difficulties for conducting scientific research. Additionally, the impacts of climate change and human activities pose significant threats to the Antarctic environment, requiring coordinated international efforts to address these challenges.
Looking to the future, SCAR aims to enhance its role as a global leader in Antarctic science by promoting interdisciplinary research, fostering international collaboration, and strengthening its advisory role in policy discussions. The committee's strategic plan outlines several key priorities, including advancing understanding of the Antarctic climate system, protecting Antarctic biodiversity, and improving the integration of Antarctic science into global policy frameworks.