Retinal detachment
Overview
Retinal detachment is a serious medical condition that occurs when the retina—the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye—separates from its underlying support tissue. This detachment can lead to permanent vision loss if not promptly treated. The condition is considered a medical emergency, requiring immediate attention to prevent irreversible damage to the retina and potential blindness.
Causes
Retinal detachment can be caused by a variety of factors. The most common cause is a break or tear in the retina, often resulting from a vitreous detachment. The vitreous is a gel-like substance that fills the inside of the eye. As people age, the vitreous can shrink and pull away from the retina, causing a tear. Once the retina is torn, vitreous can enter the opening and push the retina away from the underlying tissue.
Other causes include diabetic retinopathy, severe trauma to the eye, inflammation, tumors, and complications from cataract surgery. Certain eye conditions and disorders, such as retinoschisis, uveitis, and Coats disease, can also increase the risk of retinal detachment.
Symptoms
The symptoms of retinal detachment often appear suddenly and may include: flashes of light in one or both eyes, blurred vision, gradually reduced peripheral (side) vision, a curtain-like shadow over the visual field, and sudden and significant increase in the number of floaters. These symptoms do not cause pain. However, they typically signify a tearing of the retina— a precursor to detachment.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of retinal detachment is typically confirmed through a comprehensive eye examination. This may include visual acuity testing, a dilated eye exam, and optical coherence tomography. Other diagnostic tests such as ultrasonography of the eye may also be used.
Treatment
The treatment for retinal detachment aims to reattach the retina to the back of the eye. This usually involves surgery, which may be performed using various techniques such as pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckle, or vitrectomy. The choice of procedure depends on the characteristics of the detachment. In some cases, a combination of these techniques may be used.
Prognosis
The prognosis for retinal detachment depends on several factors, including the location and extent of the detachment, the presence of any other eye conditions, and the timeliness of treatment. If the macula—the part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision—has not been affected, the prognosis is generally favorable.
Prevention
While not all cases of retinal detachment can be prevented, understanding the risk factors and seeking immediate medical attention if symptoms occur can significantly reduce the risk of vision loss. Regular eye exams are also crucial, particularly for those with high risk factors.