Reincarnation
Overview
Reincarnation is a philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death. It is also called rebirth or transmigration and is a part of the Saṃsāra doctrine of cyclic existence. It is a central tenet of all major Indian religions, namely Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism. The idea of reincarnation is found in many ancient cultures, and a belief in rebirth/metempsychosis was held by Greek historic figures, such as Pythagoras, Socrates, and Plato.
Origin and History
The earliest historical records of the concept of reincarnation are from the Indian subcontinent, around 1500 BCE. The idea is mentioned in the early layers of the Vedic texts, but with ambiguity. The concept became more refined and detailed in later Vedic and Upanishadic texts, as well as in Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh scriptures.
Concept and Beliefs
In many cultures and religions, reincarnation is linked to the workings of karma. Actions in one life influence the circumstances of the next reincarnation. The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, governed by karma, is referred to as Saṃsāra. The ultimate goal of many religions and philosophies is to escape this cycle and reach a state of higher existence, such as moksha in Hinduism or nirvana in Buddhism.
Reincarnation in Different Religions
- Hinduism ###
In Hinduism, the soul, or atman, is considered eternal. It is believed to pass through cycles of birth and death. The form the soul takes in the next life is determined by karma.
- Buddhism ###
Buddhism, unlike Hinduism, does not believe in the existence of souls. Instead, it teaches the concept of anatta, or no-self. The cycle of rebirth is driven by ignorance and desire.
- Jainism ###
Jainism shares many concepts with Hinduism and Buddhism. It believes in an eternal soul, karma, and a cycle of rebirth. The ultimate goal is to achieve liberation or moksha.
- Sikhism ###
Sikhism also believes in reincarnation and karma. However, it emphasizes the importance of living a truthful life in the service of God to break the cycle of reincarnation.
Scientific Views and Research
The concept of reincarnation is generally considered a religious belief and not within the realm of scientific inquiry. However, some researchers, such as psychiatrist Ian Stevenson, have attempted to find empirical evidence for reincarnation. Stevenson's work, including his book "Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation", has been both praised and criticized.
Cultural Impact
Reincarnation has had a significant impact on various aspects of culture, including literature, film, and music. It has been a central theme in many works of fiction, and the concept has been used as a narrative device in many films and TV shows.