Red Square
History
Red Square, known as "Krasnaya Ploshchad" in Russian, is a city square in Moscow, Russia. It is located directly east of the Kremlin, the historic fortified complex at the heart of Moscow. The square separates the Kremlin from the historic merchant quarter known as Kitai-gorod. Red Square is often considered the central square of Moscow and all of Russia because the city's major streets, which connect to Russia's major highways, originate from the square.
The name "Red Square" does not derive from the color of the bricks around it nor from the link between the color red and communism. The name was derived from the word "krasnaya," which means "red" in contemporary Russian but originally meant "beautiful." This name was originally applied to Saint Basil's Cathedral and was later transferred to the nearby square.
The history of Red Square dates back to the late 15th century when Ivan III ordered the construction of the Kremlin walls. The square was initially used as a marketplace and a place for public ceremonies and proclamations. Over time, it became a focal point for the city's social and political life.
Architectural Landmarks
Red Square is surrounded by several significant buildings and landmarks, each with its own historical and architectural importance.
Saint Basil's Cathedral
Saint Basil's Cathedral, officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, is perhaps the most iconic structure on Red Square. Constructed between 1555 and 1561 on orders from Ivan the Terrible, the cathedral commemorates the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. The cathedral's design features nine chapels, each topped with a unique onion dome, a characteristic feature of Russian architecture.
Lenin's Mausoleum
Lenin's Mausoleum, located near the Kremlin wall, is the final resting place of Vladimir Lenin. The mausoleum was designed by architect Alexey Shchusev and completed in 1930. Lenin's embalmed body has been on public display here since his death in 1924, except during wartime evacuations. The mausoleum is a prominent example of Soviet monumental architecture.
The Kremlin
The Kremlin, a fortified complex that includes palaces, cathedrals, and government buildings, borders Red Square to the west. The Kremlin walls and towers, constructed in the late 15th century, are among the most recognizable features of the Moscow skyline. The complex serves as the official residence of the President of Russia and houses several important museums and state offices.
GUM Department Store
The GUM (Glavny Universalny Magazin) department store, located on the eastern side of Red Square, is a large shopping mall that dates back to the late 19th century. The building's architecture is a blend of Russian medieval and classical styles, featuring an impressive glass-roofed arcade. GUM has been a significant commercial center in Moscow for over a century.
State Historical Museum
The State Historical Museum, situated between Red Square and Manege Square, was established in 1872. The museum's collection encompasses the history of Russia from ancient times to the present. The building itself is an architectural landmark, designed in the Russian Revival style by architects Vladimir Sherwood and Anatoly Semyonov.
Cultural Significance
Red Square has been the site of numerous significant historical events, including military parades, political demonstrations, and public ceremonies. During the Soviet era, the square was the focal point for May Day and October Revolution parades, showcasing the might of the Soviet military. The square continues to host important events, such as Victory Day parades and New Year's celebrations.
The square has also been a popular venue for cultural events, including concerts and festivals. Notable performances include those by international artists such as Paul McCartney and the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The square's cultural and historical significance has made it a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990.
Architectural Evolution
Over the centuries, Red Square has undergone numerous changes and renovations. The original wooden structures were gradually replaced with stone buildings. The square's layout and appearance have been influenced by various architectural styles, including Russian medieval, neoclassical, and Soviet monumental architecture.
In the 1930s, several buildings on Red Square were demolished as part of Stalin's urban redevelopment plans. These included the Resurrection Gate and the Iberian Chapel, which were later reconstructed in the 1990s. The square's current appearance is the result of these historical layers and transformations.
Modern-Day Red Square
Today, Red Square remains a vibrant and bustling area, attracting millions of tourists each year. The square is a pedestrian zone, allowing visitors to explore its landmarks and enjoy its open space. The surrounding buildings house museums, shops, and restaurants, making it a popular destination for both locals and tourists.
Red Square also serves as a symbol of Russia's rich history and cultural heritage. It continues to be a place where significant national events are celebrated, and its iconic landmarks remain a testament to the country's architectural and historical legacy.