Pre-Raphaelites
Introduction
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The movement sought to reform art by rejecting what they considered the mechanistic approach first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art, hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite." The Brotherhood's work is characterized by a return to the abundant detail, intense colors, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian art.
Historical Context
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood emerged during the Victorian era, a period marked by rapid industrialization, social change, and a burgeoning middle class. This era saw a tension between the traditional values and the new scientific and technological advancements. The Pre-Raphaelites were part of a broader reaction against the Industrial Revolution and its dehumanizing effects. They sought to revive the spiritual and aesthetic values of the medieval past, which they believed had been lost in the modern age.
Founding Members and Influences
The founding members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were deeply influenced by the writings of John Ruskin, an art critic who advocated for a return to the detailed observation of nature. Ruskin's emphasis on truth to nature resonated with the Brotherhood's desire to depict the natural world with fidelity and precision. Other influences included the works of William Blake, whose visionary art and poetry inspired their interest in symbolism and mythology.
William Holman Hunt
William Holman Hunt was known for his meticulous attention to detail and his use of vivid colors. His works often contained religious themes and moral messages. Hunt's painting "The Light of the World" is a prime example of his style, featuring a detailed depiction of Christ knocking on an overgrown door, symbolizing the human soul.
John Everett Millais
John Everett Millais was a child prodigy who became one of the most successful and popular artists of his time. His painting "Ophelia," depicting the tragic character from Shakespeare's "Hamlet" floating in a river, is renowned for its lush depiction of the natural environment and its emotional intensity.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Dante Gabriel Rossetti was a poet and painter whose work was characterized by its sensuality and romanticism. Rossetti's interest in medieval themes and his use of rich, vibrant colors can be seen in works such as "The Annunciation" and "Beata Beatrix."
Artistic Style and Techniques
The Pre-Raphaelites were known for their use of bright, clear colors and their attention to detail. They often painted on a white ground to achieve a luminous effect. Their compositions were typically complex, with an emphasis on narrative and symbolism. The Brotherhood's commitment to realism extended to their depiction of contemporary life, as seen in works like Ford Madox Brown's "Work," which portrays the different classes of Victorian society.
Themes and Subjects
The Pre-Raphaelites drew inspiration from a wide range of sources, including literature, mythology, and religion. Their works often featured themes of love, death, and beauty, as well as social issues such as poverty and the plight of women. They were particularly interested in the depiction of women, who were often portrayed as ethereal, enigmatic figures.
Literary Influences
The Brotherhood was heavily influenced by literature, particularly the works of Shakespeare, Tennyson, and Keats. Many of their paintings depict scenes from these authors' works, such as Millais's "Ophelia" and Rossetti's "The Lady of Shalott."
Medievalism
The Pre-Raphaelites had a fascination with the medieval period, which they saw as a time of spiritual purity and artistic integrity. This interest is reflected in their choice of subjects, such as Arthurian legends and religious themes, as well as their use of medieval techniques and materials.
Legacy and Impact
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood had a significant impact on the art world, influencing subsequent movements such as the Arts and Crafts Movement and Symbolism. Their emphasis on craftsmanship and attention to detail inspired a generation of artists and designers. The Brotherhood's work also had a lasting influence on popular culture, with their images and themes continuing to resonate in contemporary art and media.