Political corruption
Overview
Political corruption is a form of malpractice by government officials. It includes a wide range of possible illegal behaviors: bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. Political corruption can also take the form of various types of economic and social crimes, such as cartels.
History
Political corruption has been a persistent feature in governments since ancient times. In fact, it was rampant in societies as diverse as ancient Rome, the empires of Persia, and dynastic China. The concept of corruption has evolved over time and is now generally defined as the misuse of public power for private gain.
Types of Political Corruption
There are several types of political corruption, including bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. While not all these types of corruption involve money, most involve the misuse of power in some form.
Bribery
Bribery involves the giving or receiving of something of value to influence the actions of an official in the discharge of his or her public or legal duties. Bribery is a widespread form of corruption and includes situations where the bribe-taker is the one who initiates the corrupt acts.
Extortion
Extortion is a crime in which one person forces another person to do something against their will, generally to give up money or other property, by threat of violence, property damage, damage to the person’s reputation, or extreme financial hardship. Extortion is commonly practiced by organized crime groups and is one of the most common forms of corruption.
Cronyism
Cronyism is the practice of favoring one's friends or associates in granting jobs or other advantages. This form of corruption is often manifested through patronage, where a political figure gives out jobs, contracts, and other benefits to their political allies and friends.
Nepotism
Nepotism is a form of favoritism which is granted to relatives in various fields, including business, politics, entertainment, sports, religion and other activities. The term originated with the assignment of nephews to cardinal positions by Catholic popes and bishops.
Patronage
Patronage is a form of favoritism in which a person is selected, regardless of qualifications or merit, for a job or government benefit, because of political affiliations or connections. Patronage was once accepted as a common practice in many countries, but is now considered a form of corruption.
Graft
Graft is a form of political corruption where a politician uses their authority for personal gain. An example of graft would be a politician using public funds to build a home that is not justified by his or her official salary.
Embezzlement
Embezzlement is the act of dishonestly withholding assets for the purpose of conversion (theft) of such assets by one or more individuals to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.
Effects of Political Corruption
Political corruption has serious impacts on a society. It undermines democracy and good governance, depletes national wealth, and may impede development. It can lead to a lack of trust in government and political instability.
Measures to Prevent Political Corruption
Preventing and combating corruption requires a comprehensive approach that includes both preventive and punitive measures. Some of these measures include the establishment of anti-corruption agencies, the adoption of anti-corruption laws, the promotion of transparency and accountability, and the enhancement of public participation in decision making.