Pharisee
Introduction
The term "Pharisee" refers to a member of an ancient Jewish sect that emerged during the Second Temple period, specifically around the 2nd century BCE. The Pharisees were known for their strict adherence to the Torah, the Jewish written law, and the oral traditions that they believed complemented the written texts. They played a significant role in shaping the religious and social landscape of Judaism, particularly during the late Second Temple period. The Pharisees are often contrasted with other Jewish sects of the time, such as the Sadducees and the Essenes, each of which had distinct theological and philosophical beliefs.
Historical Context
The origins of the Pharisees can be traced back to the Maccabean Revolt (167–160 BCE), a Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire. This period was marked by significant political and religious upheaval, which led to the formation of various Jewish sects. The Pharisees emerged as a group that sought to maintain Jewish religious identity and practices in the face of Hellenistic influences. Their name is derived from the Hebrew word "perushim," meaning "separated ones," which reflects their emphasis on ritual purity and separation from non-Jewish customs.
Second Temple Period
During the Second Temple period, the Pharisees became influential in Jewish society. They were known for their emphasis on the oral law, which they believed was given to Moses alongside the written Torah. This oral tradition, later codified in the Mishnah and the Talmud, was central to Pharisaic teaching. The Pharisees advocated for a form of Judaism that was accessible to all Jews, not just the priestly class, and emphasized the importance of personal piety and ethical conduct.
Beliefs and Practices
The Pharisees held several key beliefs that distinguished them from other Jewish sects. They believed in the resurrection of the dead, the existence of angels and spirits, and divine providence. These beliefs were in contrast to the Sadducees, who rejected the oral law and denied the resurrection.
Oral Law
The Pharisees' commitment to the oral law was one of their defining characteristics. They believed that the oral traditions were an essential part of the divine revelation given to Moses at Mount Sinai. This oral law provided interpretations and applications of the written Torah, addressing issues not explicitly covered in the text. The Pharisees' emphasis on the oral law laid the groundwork for the development of Rabbinic Judaism, which became the dominant form of Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.
Ritual Purity
Ritual purity was another central aspect of Pharisaic practice. The Pharisees adhered to strict purity laws, which governed aspects of daily life such as food consumption, personal hygiene, and religious observance. These laws were intended to maintain the sanctity of the Jewish people and their covenant with God. The Pharisees' focus on purity extended to their interpretation of the Sabbath laws, which they observed with meticulous care.
Social and Political Influence
The Pharisees wielded considerable influence in Jewish society, particularly in the realm of religious education and legal interpretation. They were often associated with the synagogue, which served as a center for communal worship and learning. The Pharisees' emphasis on education and study of the Torah contributed to the spread of their teachings among the Jewish population.
Relationship with Other Sects
The Pharisees' relationship with other Jewish sects was often contentious. Their theological differences with the Sadducees, who were associated with the priestly aristocracy and the Temple, led to frequent disputes. The Pharisees also differed from the Essenes, a sect known for its ascetic lifestyle and apocalyptic beliefs. Despite these differences, the Pharisees' teachings eventually became the foundation for mainstream Judaism.
Legacy and Impact
The legacy of the Pharisees is evident in the development of Rabbinic Judaism, which emerged after the destruction of the Second Temple. The Pharisees' emphasis on the oral law and their interpretive methods were integral to the formation of the Mishnah and the Talmud, which continue to be central texts in Jewish religious life. The Pharisees' focus on ethical conduct and personal piety also influenced the moral and spiritual dimensions of Judaism.
New Testament References
The Pharisees are frequently mentioned in the New Testament, often in the context of their interactions with Jesus. The Gospels portray the Pharisees as opponents of Jesus, criticizing their legalism and hypocrisy. However, it is important to note that these accounts reflect the theological and social tensions of the time and may not provide a complete or accurate representation of Pharisaic beliefs and practices.