Pericarditis
Introduction
Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, two-layered, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. It can occur suddenly or over time, and its symptoms often mimic those of a heart attack. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and heart surgery.
Causes
Pericarditis can be caused by a variety of factors, but often the exact cause is unknown. This is known as idiopathic pericarditis. When a cause can be identified, it is often due to a viral infection. Other causes can include bacterial or fungal infections, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, kidney failure, heart attack or heart surgery, and certain medications.
Symptoms
The most common symptom of pericarditis is chest pain. This pain is often described as sharp or stabbing, and it may be worse when lying down or taking a deep breath. Other symptoms can include shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, and in some cases, fever. If pericarditis is severe, it can lead to swelling of the abdomen or legs, known as edema, due to fluid buildup in the body.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of pericarditis is typically made through a combination of a patient's medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. These tests can include an electrocardiogram (ECG), which measures the electrical activity of the heart, and an echocardiogram, which uses sound waves to create images of the heart. Blood tests may also be used to check for signs of inflammation or infection. In some cases, a CT scan or MRI may be used to provide more detailed images of the heart and pericardium.
Treatment
Treatment for pericarditis depends on the cause and severity of the condition. In many cases, treatment involves medications to reduce inflammation and relieve pain, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). If pericarditis is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics will be used. In severe cases, or if pericarditis is causing other complications, hospitalization may be required. This can involve procedures to drain excess fluid from around the heart, or in rare cases, surgery to remove part or all of the pericardium.
Prognosis
The prognosis for pericarditis depends on the underlying cause and the patient's overall health. Most cases of acute pericarditis resolve within a few weeks with treatment. However, some people may experience recurrent episodes of pericarditis, or it may become a chronic condition. Chronic pericarditis can lead to complications such as constrictive pericarditis, where the pericardium becomes thickened and rigid, affecting the heart's ability to function properly.
Prevention
While not all cases of pericarditis can be prevented, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk. This includes practicing good hygiene to prevent infections, managing chronic conditions such as kidney disease or autoimmune disorders, and following a heart-healthy diet and lifestyle to reduce the risk of heart disease.