Pavane
History and Origins
The Pavane is a slow processional dance that was common in Europe during the Renaissance period, particularly in the 16th and early 17th centuries. The term "pavane" is derived from the Italian word "padovana," which means "Paduan," referring to the city of Padua in Italy. It is believed that the dance originated in Italy and later spread to France, Spain, and England.
The pavane was often performed at courtly events and was characterized by its stately and elegant movements. It was typically danced by couples in a line or circle, with the dancers holding hands or linking arms. The dance was accompanied by music played on instruments such as the lute, viol, or harpsichord.
Musical Structure
The music for the pavane is typically written in a slow duple meter, with a tempo of around 60 to 80 beats per minute. The musical form of the pavane often consists of several repeated sections, each with a distinct melody and harmonic progression. The structure of the music is usually binary (AABB) or ternary (ABA) form.
The pavane is often paired with a faster dance called the Galliard, which follows the pavane in a dance suite. The contrast between the slow, dignified pavane and the lively, energetic galliard provides a pleasing variety for both dancers and listeners.
Choreography
The choreography of the pavane is characterized by its slow, gliding steps and graceful movements. Dancers often perform a series of steps that include walking, sliding, and turning. The basic step pattern of the pavane involves a sequence of steps forward, backward, and to the side, with the dancers maintaining a smooth and continuous motion.
One of the key features of the pavane is the use of reverence, or bows, which are performed at the beginning and end of the dance. These bows are a sign of respect and courtesy between the dancers and the audience.
Cultural Significance
The pavane held a significant place in the social and cultural life of the Renaissance court. It was often performed at important events such as weddings, coronations, and other ceremonial occasions. The dance was a symbol of elegance, refinement, and social status, and mastering the pavane was considered an essential skill for members of the nobility.
In addition to its role in courtly life, the pavane also had a presence in the world of theater and entertainment. It was frequently included in masques, which were elaborate performances that combined music, dance, and drama. The pavane's stately movements and formal structure made it well-suited for these theatrical productions.
Notable Composers and Works
Several prominent composers of the Renaissance period wrote music for the pavane. Among them, Tielman Susato, a Flemish composer and publisher, is well-known for his collection of dance music, "Danserye," which includes several pavanes. Another notable composer, William Byrd, an English composer, wrote the famous "Pavana Lachrymae," based on a theme by John Dowland.
Evolution and Legacy
The pavane's popularity began to decline in the late 17th century as new dance forms emerged. However, its influence can still be seen in later musical compositions and dance styles. The pavane's stately character and formal structure have inspired composers such as Maurice Ravel, who wrote the "Pavane pour une infante défunte" in 1899, a piece that evokes the elegance and grace of the Renaissance dance.
In modern times, the pavane is often performed by historical dance groups and is studied by scholars of Renaissance music and dance. Its enduring legacy is a testament to its importance in the cultural history of Europe.