Panic Disorder
Definition and Overview
Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or a feeling that something terrible is going to happen. The maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes and typically lasts for about 30 minutes. There may be a fear of losing control or chest pain. Panic disorder itself is not life-threatening but can be severely disabling.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood. It is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include a history of child abuse and family history of mental disorders. Panic disorder is often associated with other mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and substance misuse disorder.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
The symptoms of panic disorder include sudden and repeated attacks of fear, a feeling of being out of control during a panic attack, intense worries about when the next attack will happen, fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past.
Diagnosis is based on the person's symptoms and ruling out other potential causes. This may involve a physical examination, an interview, and possibly diagnostic tests. Some people may need to have a cardiology evaluation to rule out heart conditions that can present similarly.
Treatment and Management
Treatment options for panic disorder include psychotherapy and medication. Cognitive behavioral therapy, a type of psychotherapy, is considered effective for treating panic disorder. Medications used include antidepressants, beta blockers, and benzodiazepines.
Prognosis and Complications
With proper treatment, the prognosis for panic disorder is quite good. Most people can find significant relief from symptoms. However, without treatment, it can have very serious consequences and significantly impair a person's quality of life. Complications can include the development of specific phobias, such as agoraphobia.