Optometry
Overview
Optometry is a healthcare profession that is autonomous, educated, and regulated (licensed/registered). It involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease. Traditionally, the field of optometry began with the primary focus of correcting refractive error through the use of spectacles. Modern day optometry, however, has evolved through time so that the educational curriculum additionally includes significant training in the diagnosis and management of ocular disease, in most of the countries where the profession is established and regulated.
History
The history of optometry can be traced back to the early studies on optics and image formation by the eye. The origins of optometric science (optics, as taught in a basic physics class) date back a few thousand years BC as evidence of the existence of lenses for decoration has been found in Greece and the Netherlands. It is unknown if these lenses were used for vision correction, or for other purposes (such as viewing small objects or bright lights). The earliest known use of lenses for corrective purposes was by the Roman Emperor Nero, who watched the gladiatorial games using an emerald as a corrective lens.
Education and Regulation
The education and regulation of optometrists varies across the world. In the United States, optometrists are doctors of optometry and are licensed to practice. They are also included in the health care team along with other health care professionals. In many countries, optometrists are often the primary health care providers for the diagnosis and management of eye conditions. In some countries, optometrists are not allowed to diagnose or treat eye diseases, and patients must be referred to other healthcare providers.
Clinical Role
Optometrists examine the eyes and other parts of the visual system. They also diagnose and treat visual problems and manage diseases, injuries, and other disorders of the eyes. Optometrists prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses as needed. They may also provide pre- and post-operative care to patients undergoing eye surgery. In some countries, optometrists also offer vision therapy and low vision rehabilitation.
Specialties and Subspecialties
There are several specialties and subspecialties in the field of optometry. These include pediatric optometry, geriatric optometry, binocular vision, vision therapy, neuro-optometry, and ocular disease among others. Each of these specialties requires additional training and certification.
Research and Developments
Research in the field of optometry spans many areas. From clinical research to studies in the basic sciences, optometrists are involved in a wide range of research activities. These research efforts are aimed at improving patient care, preventing vision loss, and advancing the basic understanding of vision.