Optimism
Definition and Overview
Optimism is a mental attitude or world view that interprets situations and events as being best (optimized), meaning that in some way for factors that may not be fully comprehended, the present moment is in an optimum state. The concept is typically extended to include the attitude of hope for future conditions unfolding as optimal as well. The more broad concept of optimism is a disposition or tendency to look on the more favorable side of events or conditions and to expect the most favorable outcome. Philosophical and psychological studies of optimism are typically focused around the idea of 'dispositional optimism', which is the belief that future conditions will work out for the best.
Historical Background
The term "optimism" is derived from the Latin term "optimum," meaning "best." Being optimistic, in the typical sense of the word, ultimately means one expects the best possible outcome from any given situation. This is usually referred to in psychology as dispositional optimism. It thus reflects a belief that future conditions will work out for the best. For this reason, optimism is seen as a trait which fosters resilience in individuals and groups of individuals (communities, societies, civilizations), as it enables recovery from setbacks and negative life events.
Psychological Perspectives
From a psychological perspective, optimism is considered a trait that fosters resilience in individuals when confronting adversity. Dispositional optimism, as a scientific construct, is typically measured with the Life Orientation Test. Other theories of optimism include explanatory style theory, which measures optimism and pessimism by the style of explanations individuals provide for their successes and failures. It is also closely related to positive psychology, with key researchers in the field of optimism including Martin Seligman.
Impact on Health and Well-being
Numerous empirical studies have investigated the correlation between an optimistic mindset and various aspects of health and well-being. Optimism has been shown to be correlated with better mental and physical health, as well as longevity. An optimistic outlook has been linked to health benefits such as effective coping skills, improved well-being during times of stress, and better postoperative recovery.
Optimism in Philosophy
In philosophy, optimism is linked with the philosophical idea that this world is the best of all possible worlds, or that good will eventually triumph over evil. This view is most famously associated with the philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who argued that God, as a benevolent and omnipotent being, would only create the best of all possible worlds.
Criticisms of Optimism
While optimism has been linked to many positive outcomes, it is not without its critics. Some argue that an overly optimistic outlook can lead to unrealistic expectations, disappointment, and a disregard for potential risks. This is often referred to as the 'optimism bias'. Others argue that optimism can lead to complacency and a lack of action, as individuals may believe that things will improve without any effort on their part.