Nootropics

Overview

Nootropics, also known as smart drugs or cognitive enhancers, are drugs, supplements, and other substances that may improve cognitive function, particularly executive functions, memory, creativity, or motivation, in healthy individuals. While many substances are purported to improve cognition, research is at a preliminary stage as of 2021, and the effects of the majority of these agents are not fully determined.

History

The term "nootropic" was coined in 1972 by Romanian psychologist and chemist Corneliu E. Giurgea, from the Greek words νοῦς (nous), or "mind", and τρέπειν (trepein), meaning to bend or turn. Giurgea's definition of a nootropic included substances that improved learning and memory, protected the brain from physical or chemical injury, increased the efficacy of brain-related control mechanisms, and lacked the usual pharmacology of other psychotropic drugs (sedation, motor stimulation) and possessed very few side effects and extremely low toxicity.

Classification

Nootropics are categorized into three main types: dietary supplements, synthetic compounds, and prescription drugs.

Dietary Supplements

Dietary supplements used as nootropics may include a variety of vitamins, minerals, herbs, and natural compounds that are believed to enhance cognitive function. These include substances such as omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, caffeine, and herbal extracts like ginkgo biloba and ginseng.

Synthetic Compounds

Synthetic nootropics are man-made drugs or compounds that are not found naturally in the environment. These include substances such as Piracetam, the first synthesized nootropic, and its derivatives, as well as other synthetic compounds like Modafinil and Phenylpiracetam.

Prescription Drugs

Prescription nootropics are medications that are prescribed by a doctor for a specific cognitive or mental health condition. These include drugs such as Adderall and Ritalin, which are commonly prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Donepezil, which is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Mechanism of Action

The mechanism of action of nootropics depends on the specific substance. However, they generally work by altering the availability of the brain's supply of neurochemicals, enzymes, or hormones, improving brain oxygen supply, or stimulating nerve growth.

Efficacy and Safety

The efficacy and safety of nootropics are a topic of ongoing debate. While some studies have found certain nootropics to be beneficial, others have found little to no benefit. Additionally, the long-term safety of many nootropics remains unknown.

Legal Status

The legal status of nootropics varies by country. In the United States, some nootropics are classified as prescription drugs, while others are sold as dietary supplements. In other countries, the sale of certain nootropics may be restricted or banned.