New Calvinism
Introduction
New Calvinism, also referred to as the Young, Restless, Reformed movement, is a contemporary theological movement within Protestant Christianity. It emerged in the early 21st century, characterized by a resurgence of interest in the doctrines traditionally associated with Calvinism, such as the sovereignty of God, predestination, and the authority of Scripture. This movement has gained significant traction among younger generations, particularly within evangelical circles, and is often seen as a response to perceived theological liberalism and secularism within the church.
Historical Context
The roots of New Calvinism can be traced back to the Reformation of the 16th century, when John Calvin and other reformers articulated a theology that emphasized God's absolute sovereignty and the doctrine of predestination. Over the centuries, Calvinism has undergone various transformations and adaptations, leading to the development of different branches such as Reformed Theology and Presbyterianism.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a renewed interest in Calvinist theology began to emerge, driven by a desire for a more robust theological framework in response to the challenges of modernity. This resurgence was catalyzed by influential pastors, theologians, and authors who sought to reintroduce the core tenets of Calvinism to a new generation.
Core Beliefs
Sovereignty of God
At the heart of New Calvinism is the belief in the sovereignty of God, which asserts that God is the supreme authority over all creation and that His will is ultimately decisive in all matters. This doctrine is foundational to Calvinist theology and is often seen as a counterpoint to Arminianism, which emphasizes human free will.
Predestination
Another key tenet of New Calvinism is the doctrine of predestination, which holds that God has foreordained all events, including the eternal destinies of individuals. This belief is rooted in the writings of John Calvin and is often associated with the concept of Unconditional Election, which posits that God's choice of certain individuals for salvation is not based on any foreseen merit or action on their part.
Authority of Scripture
New Calvinists place a strong emphasis on the authority of Scripture, viewing the Bible as the ultimate source of truth and guidance for faith and practice. This commitment to biblical inerrancy and sufficiency is a hallmark of the movement and is often contrasted with more liberal approaches to biblical interpretation.
Influential Figures
Several key figures have played a significant role in the development and popularization of New Calvinism. These include pastors, theologians, and authors who have contributed to the movement through their writings, sermons, and leadership.
John Piper
John Piper is a prominent pastor and author known for his passionate preaching and theological writings. He has been a leading voice in the New Calvinist movement, advocating for a God-centered theology and a focus on the glory of God in all aspects of life.
Tim Keller
Tim Keller, a pastor and author, has been influential in bringing New Calvinist ideas to urban and intellectual audiences. His work in church planting and cultural engagement has helped to broaden the appeal of the movement beyond traditional evangelical circles.
Mark Driscoll
Mark Driscoll, a controversial figure within the movement, was instrumental in popularizing New Calvinism through his dynamic preaching and church leadership. Although his ministry faced significant challenges, his impact on the movement remains notable.
Criticisms and Controversies
New Calvinism has not been without its critics and controversies. Some have raised concerns about the movement's perceived rigidity and exclusivity, arguing that its emphasis on predestination and divine sovereignty can lead to a deterministic worldview that undermines human responsibility.
Others have critiqued the movement's approach to gender roles and church governance, noting that many New Calvinist leaders advocate for Complementarianism, which holds that men and women have distinct, complementary roles in the church and family.
Additionally, the movement has faced scrutiny for its handling of issues related to race and diversity, with some critics arguing that it has not adequately addressed the challenges of multiculturalism within the church.
Influence and Legacy
Despite these criticisms, New Calvinism has had a significant impact on contemporary evangelicalism, shaping the theological landscape and influencing a new generation of believers. Its emphasis on robust theology, biblical literacy, and cultural engagement has resonated with many who seek a deeper and more intellectually satisfying faith.
The movement has also contributed to the growth of Reformed churches and institutions, as well as the proliferation of conferences, books, and online resources dedicated to promoting its ideas.