Neuroplasticity
Introduction
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity or neural plasticity, is the ability of the brain to change throughout an individual's life. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how - and the extent to which - the brain changes throughout life.
History of Neuroplasticity
The term 'neuroplasticity' is the combination of 'neuro' for neuron and 'plasticity' for plastic or moldable. The concept of neuroplasticity has been observed throughout history, but it was not until the 20th century that neuroplasticity gained solid support through research in neuroscience.
Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes due to learning, to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage.
Synaptic Plasticity
Synaptic plasticity, the ability of the connection, or synapse, between two neurons to change in strength, is one of the important neurochemical foundations of learning and memory.
Non-synaptic Plasticity
Non-synaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in the ability of neurons to alter their action potentials.
Factors Influencing Neuroplasticity
Various factors such as environment, aging, stress, and neurodegenerative diseases influence neuroplasticity.
Environment
An enriched environment that includes physical activity, exposure to novelty, and social interaction, can lead to increased synaptic plasticity by strengthening synapse connections and function.
Aging
Aging results in a natural decrease in the plasticity of the brain, which can lead to cognitive decline and memory impairments. However, certain activities and lifestyle choices can help maintain or even stimulate new neural connections.
Stress
Chronic stress can negatively affect brain plasticity by reducing the number of neurons and synapses, and inhibiting neurogenesis.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's, can lead to a significant loss of neurons and synapses, and thus a decrease in neuroplasticity.
Role of Neuroplasticity in Rehabilitation
Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in the recovery of function following neurological injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injuries. Rehabilitation strategies such as physical therapy, cognitive therapy, and pharmacological treatments can enhance neuroplasticity, thereby improving symptoms and recovery.
Conclusion
Neuroplasticity is a fundamental principle that governs how the brain learns and adapts. It is the biological basis for the variety of behaviors that humans exhibit, and it is the foundation for the potential to change and adapt throughout life.