Neurochemistry
Introduction
Neurochemistry is the specific study of neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as neuro-active drugs that influence neuron function. This branch of neuroscience examines how these neurochemicals influence the network of neural operation. The science behind neurochemistry looks at how these chemicals influence the response of neurons, thus contributing to neurobiology and psychology.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. They transmit signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by receptors on the target cells. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available from the diet and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion.
Neurons and Synapses
Neurons are specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit signals throughout the body. The structure of a neuron is unique to its function. A neuron consists of a cell body (or soma) with branching dendrites (signal receivers) and a projection known as an axon, which conduct the nerve signal. At the majority of synapses, signals cross via a chemical messenger, though electrical synapses are also plentiful.
Neuroactive Drugs
Neuroactive drugs are a class of drugs which interact with the nervous system to alter its activity. This can lead to changes in sensation, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior. These substances interfere with communication between neurons, either blocking or enhancing the function of various cells. Neuroactive drugs can be used therapeutically to correct imbalances in the system, such as in the case of antidepressants, or they can be used recreationally for their mood-altering effects.
Neurochemistry and Mental Health
Neurochemistry has been applied to the understanding of many mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. For instance, depression is often linked with reduced levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin and norepinephrine. Neurochemistry has also been used to develop various drugs used in the treatment of these disorders.
Research and Techniques
There are several techniques that researchers use to study neurochemistry. These include various forms of brain imaging, as well as biochemical analysis of brain tissue, and the study of genetically modified animals. Each of these techniques has its own strengths and weaknesses, and they are often used in combination to get a more complete picture of the neurochemical processes that are occurring.
Conclusion
In conclusion, neurochemistry is a vital field of study in understanding the function of the brain and nervous system. It has applications in many areas of medicine, including the treatment of mental health disorders and the development of drugs. As our understanding of neurochemistry continues to grow, it is likely that we will continue to see advances in these areas.