Neo-Assyrian Empire
Origins and Rise
The Neo-Assyrian Empire, also known as the Late Assyrian Empire, was the last phase of the Assyrian Empire's long history. This period began in the 10th century BC with the rise of Ashur-dan II and continued until the fall of Nineveh in 612 BC. The empire's expansion was primarily due to a series of strong and capable rulers who implemented administrative reforms, improved the military, and conducted extensive building programs.
Administrative Structure
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was characterized by a highly efficient and centralized administrative system. The empire was divided into provinces, each governed by a pehat or governor. These governors were directly appointed by the king and were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and supplying troops for the royal army. The empire also had a highly developed bureaucracy, with scribes, accountants, and other officials managing the day-to-day affairs of the state.
Military Organization
The military strength of the Neo-Assyrian Empire was a key factor in its expansion and dominance. The Assyrian army was the first to be fully professional, with soldiers serving as full-time warriors rather than being conscripted from the farming population. The army was highly organized, with units divided into infantry, cavalry, and charioteers. The Assyrians were also pioneers in the use of siege warfare, employing battering rams, siege towers, and sappers to breach enemy fortifications.
Culture and Society
Assyrian society was stratified, with the king and the nobility at the top, followed by the free citizens, and then the slaves. The Neo-Assyrian period saw significant advancements in art and architecture, with the construction of grand palaces and temples adorned with intricate reliefs and sculptures. The Assyrians also made significant contributions to literature, with the creation of the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest known works of literature.
Decline and Fall
The Neo-Assyrian Empire began to decline in the late 7th century BC, due to a combination of internal strife, economic difficulties, and external pressures. The final blow came in 612 BC, when a coalition of Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians sacked Nineveh, effectively ending the Assyrian Empire.