Mycorrhizal
Introduction
Mycorrhizal fungi are a type of fungus that form symbiotic relationships with plants, aiding in nutrient uptake and providing other benefits. This relationship is known as mycorrhizal symbiosis and is a significant aspect of plant ecology, playing a crucial role in plant health and soil fertility.
Types of Mycorrhizal Fungi
There are several types of mycorrhizal fungi, each with unique characteristics and relationships with host plants. The main types include ectomycorrhizal, endomycorrhizal, and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi.
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
Ectomycorrhizal fungi form a sheath around the root tips of plants, creating a physical barrier that aids in nutrient uptake and protects against pathogens. They are commonly associated with tree species in temperate and boreal forests.
Endomycorrhizal Fungi
Endomycorrhizal fungi, also known as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, penetrate the root cells of plants, forming highly branched structures called arbuscules. These structures facilitate nutrient exchange between the fungus and the plant. Endomycorrhizal fungi are widespread and associate with a broad range of plant species.
Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi
Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi form relationships with plants in the Ericaceae family, such as heathers and blueberries. These fungi penetrate the root cells and form coils, aiding in nutrient uptake in nutrient-poor soils.
Role in Plant Health
Mycorrhizal fungi play a crucial role in plant health. They aid in nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, enhance resistance to pathogens, and improve plant tolerance to environmental stressors.
Role in Soil Fertility
Mycorrhizal fungi contribute significantly to soil fertility. They decompose organic matter, releasing nutrients into the soil. They also improve soil structure by binding soil particles together, enhancing water retention and aeration.
Commercial Use
Mycorrhizal fungi are commercially produced and used in agriculture and horticulture to improve plant health and yield. They are applied as soil amendments or directly to seeds or plant roots.