Morris Dance
History and Origins
Morris dance is a traditional English folk dance that dates back to at least the 15th century. The earliest known reference to Morris dance is found in a 1448 document from the churchwardens' accounts of St. Mary's Church in Reading, Berkshire. The term "Morris" is believed to be derived from the term "Moorish," suggesting a possible connection to Moorish dances brought to England during the medieval period. However, the exact origins of Morris dance remain a subject of scholarly debate.
The dance was initially performed by men, often as part of seasonal festivals and celebrations. Over time, it evolved into various regional styles, each with its own unique characteristics and traditions. The primary regions associated with Morris dance include Cotswold, North West, Border, and Longsword.
Styles of Morris Dance
Cotswold Morris
Cotswold Morris is perhaps the most well-known style of Morris dance. Originating from the Cotswold region of England, this style is characterized by its use of handkerchiefs, sticks, and bells. Dancers typically wear white clothing adorned with ribbons and bells, and they perform intricate figures and steps to the accompaniment of traditional folk music.
North West Morris
North West Morris is distinct from Cotswold Morris in both style and attire. This style originated in the industrial towns of North West England and is known for its more regimented and processional nature. Dancers often wear clogs and elaborate costumes, and the dances are performed in lines or sets. The use of garlands and decorated sticks is also common in North West Morris.
Border Morris
Border Morris hails from the English-Welsh border counties. This style is characterized by its more robust and vigorous movements. Dancers often wear tattered costumes and blacken their faces, a practice believed to have originated as a form of disguise. The dances are typically performed with sticks and are accompanied by loud, rhythmic music.
Longsword and Rapper Sword
Longsword and Rapper Sword dances are distinct from the other styles of Morris dance. Longsword dances involve dancers linked by long, rigid swords, performing intricate figures and patterns. Rapper Sword dances, originating from the North East of England, use short, flexible swords and are known for their fast-paced and acrobatic movements.
Musical Accompaniment
Music plays a crucial role in Morris dance, providing the rhythm and structure for the dancers. Traditional instruments used in Morris dance include the fiddle, melodeon, concertina, and pipe and tabor. The tunes are often lively and upbeat, reflecting the celebratory nature of the dance.
The musicians are typically part of the Morris team and may also participate in the dance. In some styles, such as Cotswold Morris, the musicians may lead the dancers in a procession, while in others, they may remain stationary.
Costumes and Attire
The costumes worn by Morris dancers are an essential aspect of the tradition, reflecting the regional style and historical context. Cotswold Morris dancers typically wear white shirts and trousers, adorned with colorful ribbons and bells. North West Morris dancers often wear more elaborate costumes, including decorated hats and clogs. Border Morris dancers are known for their tattered costumes and face paint, while Longsword and Rapper Sword dancers may wear more uniform attire.
The use of bells is a common feature across many styles of Morris dance. The bells are usually attached to the dancers' legs and create a distinctive jingling sound that complements the music and movements.
Rituals and Symbolism
Morris dance is rich in rituals and symbolism, much of which is rooted in ancient traditions and folklore. The dances are often performed as part of seasonal celebrations, such as May Day and Whitsun, and are believed to bring good luck and fertility to the community.
The use of handkerchiefs, sticks, and swords in the dances is also symbolic. Handkerchiefs are thought to represent purity and the dispersal of evil spirits, while sticks and swords symbolize strength and protection. The blackening of faces in Border Morris is believed to have originated as a form of disguise, allowing dancers to perform anonymously.
Modern Revival and Contemporary Practice
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a revival of interest in Morris dance, largely due to the efforts of folklorists and collectors such as Cecil Sharp and Mary Neal. These individuals documented and preserved many traditional dances, ensuring their survival for future generations.
Today, Morris dance is practiced by numerous teams, known as "sides," across the UK and beyond. The dance has also gained international popularity, with Morris sides established in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
While the traditional aspects of Morris dance are still maintained, contemporary practice has also seen innovations and adaptations. Some sides incorporate modern music and choreography, while others experiment with new costume designs and performance contexts.