Modern Philosophy
Introduction
Modern philosophy is a branch of philosophy that originated in Western Europe in the 17th century, and is now common worldwide. It is not a specific doctrine or school (and thus should not be confused with Modernism), although there are certain assumptions common to much of it, which helps to distinguish it from earlier philosophy.
Historical Context
The period of modern philosophy generally begins with René Descartes, who thought that the scientist and philosopher of his day should not rely on tradition or the Church, but should instead seek truth through reason and the evidence of the senses. This period is noted for the development of scientific method and the resulting success of scientific knowledge, a success which challenged traditional concepts in philosophy and religion.
Key Concepts
Modern philosophy covers a wide range of topics and is not easily defined. However, there are several key concepts that are often associated with this period, including the following:
Rationalism and Empiricism
The 17th and early 20th centuries saw the emergence of two major philosophical schools of thought, rationalism and empiricism. Both of these schools were concerned with how we obtain knowledge, but they proposed very different methods.
Rationalists, such as Descartes, believed that the most certain knowledge comes from reason and logical thought, not from the senses. Empiricists, on the other hand, argued that all knowledge comes from sensory experience. Famous empiricists include John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
Idealism and Materialism
Another important debate in modern philosophy revolves around the fundamental nature of reality, a debate between idealism and materialism. Idealists, like George Berkeley, argue that reality is fundamentally mental, or immaterial, while materialists, like Thomas Hobbes, argue that reality is ultimately physical or material.
Ethics and Political Philosophy
Modern philosophy also saw significant developments in ethics and political philosophy. The 17th and 18th centuries saw the development of new ethical theories, such as Kant's deontological ethics and Bentham and Mill's utilitarianism.
In political philosophy, philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau explored questions of political authority and individual rights, laying the groundwork for modern political systems.
Influence and Legacy
Modern philosophy has had a profound impact on a variety of fields. Its influence can be seen in the development of the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. It has also had a significant impact on modern culture and society, influencing everything from our political systems to our views on morality and the nature of reality.