Melanoma
Overview
Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. It is the most serious type of skin cancer due to its ability to spread to other organs more rapidly if not treated at an early stage.
Causes and Risk Factors
Melanomas are thought to be caused by DNA damage resulting from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun. The risk of melanoma increases with the number of sunburns a person has had in their lifetime. Other risk factors include having a large number of moles, a weakened immune system, or a family history of melanoma.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
The first signs of melanoma are often a change in the shape, color, size, or feel of an existing mole. However, melanoma can also appear on the skin as a new mole. Doctors use the ABCDE rule to distinguish a normal mole from melanoma: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color that is not uniform, Diameter greater than 6mm, and Evolving size, shape or color. Diagnosis is confirmed through a biopsy of the suspicious mole or skin lesion.
Treatment and Prognosis
Treatment options for melanoma include surgery, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, the location of the tumor, and the patient's overall health. Early-stage melanomas can often be treated successfully with surgery alone, but advanced melanomas may require a combination of treatments. The prognosis for melanoma varies widely and is better when the disease is detected early.
Prevention
Prevention strategies for melanoma focus on minimizing exposure to UV radiation. This includes protective measures such as wearing sunscreen, avoiding the sun during peak hours, and wearing protective clothing. Regular skin examinations can also help detect melanoma at an early stage.